Moral Requirements

For class today, we read two brief articles on genital mutilation. In class, we also watched V-Day: Until the Violence Stops. Female genital mutilation is the removal of some or all of the external female genitalia. It is performed with a blade with or without anesthesia. I have been aware of the idea of male circumcision before, but I had honestly never thought about female circumcision before the reading. It shocked me to learn that certain cultures did not want women to have sexual desires. As a teenager growing up I did not know enough about my own body, I could only imagine what it was like to not understand your own body and not understand why your community would want you to have a FGM procedure done. Leyla Hussein explained that she

Throughout history, there has been a controversial argument on whether female genital mutilation should be banned from Africa. Some people describe female genital mutilation or FGM as a violation of women’s rights and others view it as served for a religious purpose having to do with the Islamic holy book, the Qur’an. Female Genital Mutilation is the removal of all or part of the external parts of the female genitalia. There are three different types of FGM; the first type of FGM is the Sunna Circumcision which is the removal of the tip of the clitoris. The second type is Clitoridectomy which is the removal of the entire clitoris and the adjacent labia. The third type is Infibulation which is the removal of the clitoris and the entire labia including the labia majora and minora. After the removal of the entire labia, the joining of the scraped sides are brought together using thorns or catgut, leaving only a small portion open for menstruation and urinating. Africa has the highest rates of FGM being performed. About 100 million women and girls are affected by FGM and at least 3 million girls are at risk undergoing this process every year. FGM is usually carried out by an elderly woman who is paid fees from the family of the girl undergoing this process (P.a.p.-Blog par. 2, 4). Female Genital Mutilation is usually performed on girl between the ages of three and adulthood. According to the UNICEF or United

Put together in a systematic way to try and annihilate a different race or ethnicity that might pose a threat to the domineering population. There are different forms of genocide; exterminating, executions and starvation. Genocide is explicitly done by an advanced society or is state sponsored. These killings are always excused and rationalized by a belief that those that are being killed or slaughtered are worthless and have absolutely no rights at all.

The ethical obligation of the defense attorney is set forth in what in most states is called the code of responsibilities for and attorney. The defense lawyer is a term more commonly applied to an attorney involved in defending a client in a criminal case with no issue on how guilty they are. Some call them warriors for equity, others use less approving terms. The point when a man is suspected of a wrongdoing, no one can remain alongside that person with the exception of his/her lawyer. Regularly the group and even the family will separate itself from a denounced, paying little mind to blame or guiltlessness. Employments are lost and lives demolished. At the littlest, the expense of protecting oneself will bankrupt most subjects. As the expense

Genocide is violence against a certain group; by learning more about genocide and all the times it happened, we can prevent it. For thousands of years even before we knew what a genocide was. Racial, Religious, ethnic, or national groups are normally targeted by genocides.

In the west female sexual pleasure is highly valued therefore removing the clitoris is seen as removing their femininity, enjoyment and freedom (McDougall 2015). Genital cosmetic surgery is done to enhance the aesthetics of female genitals and although there is no scientific evidence some professionals market this procedure to help to increase sexual pleasure (Braun 2009, p.233). On the other hand in non-western societies the purity of a woman, which is portrayed through virginity, is highly valued, therefore removal of the clitoris and closing the genitals is seen as protecting this purity. The sexual pleasure of women is not as important in non-western cultures, since their view is that the main duty of a women is to reproduce and therefore fertility is more valued (Boddy 2007, p.65). Studies show that some women who are circumcised still feel sexual pleasure to the point of finishing, while in the west where women are not circumcised not all have the ability to finish (Boddy 2007,

1. Female circumcision is the removal of all or part of a female’s genitals (Berman & Cannon, 2004). It is difficult to evaluate morality. Objectivism says that moral judgments are true for everyone, while cultural relativism says it depends on ones culture (Vaughn, 2016). Female circumcision is used to prevent illegitimate children (Berman & Cannon, 2004). However, the surgery is done at a young age, does not use correct medical procedures and causes major health problems (Berman & Cannon, 2004). For these reasons, female circumcision is not morally permissible.

All types of FGM involve severe amounts of pain and severe discomfort, and this procedure is often done in unsterile conditions by a member of the community, who is normally not a skilled doctor or professional. Although clitoridectomy, excision, and types of scratching/pricking have hardly any major health consequences, infections can occur with all types of this surgery. Infibulation is particularly harmful, and the most complications arise from this type. Infibulation can result in frequent urinary tract infections, problems with menstruation, complications in childbirth, increased risk of newborn deaths, and possible infertility. Infibulation can also result in extreme pain during sexual intercourse. Constant cutting or reopening of the scar tissue, which is necessary for intercourse and child birth, results in tremendous pain, constant exposure to infections, and further complications. A specific risk to the mother during childbirth includes fistula formation, which is an abnormal opening between the vagina and the bladder or the vagina and the rectum, which can lead to incontinence and further infection. Other issues related to FGM in some or all of its forms include: severe bleeding, problems urinating, formation of cysts, and increased vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. In addition to reproductive and sexual health problems, this procedure can negatively affect a women’s psychological health. A health framework is not necessarily the best way to end FGM. In fact, it has been disastrous in the past due to an over exaggeration of risks and statistics of death and infant mortality. However, it is important to acknowledge that this is not a benign tradition that leaves women unscathed. Infibulation especially put women at a huge risk, and can even result in death. Therefore, as long as FGM continues, the right to health and bodily integrity will be violated for

The author of First, Do No Harm (1993), also known as Lisa Belkin, is an American journalist and a New York

The American legal system is set in the foundation that a person on trial is innocent until proven guilty in the court of law. This has set the precedence for attorney client privileges, and the need for a lawyer to fight cases in the best interest of the client. The job of a lawyer is to prove that their client is not guilty, and the process of this sometimes creates situations that may not seem moral to the general public. These situations may even be completely moral in the eyes of attorneys. These situations are driven by the client attorney privilege, and this is need to create our free judicial system. Also, this is morally permissible when used to prove their client not guilty.

According to Little, most countries that participate in female genital mutilation value virginity and purity before marriage. Because the clitoris exists as a purely sexual organ serving no other purpose than sexual stimulation, the removal of a young girl’s clitoris eliminates the temptation to be sexually active and places her in a highly admirable place in the community. In countries that value circumcision, a girl’s virginity plays an essential role in her desirability for marriage, and her loss of virginity before her wedding may leave her family out casted from the community (Little 32). Little reflects the sentiment that without the procedure, women are thought to be promiscuous and unable to control their sexual desires. Traditions such as these perpetuate a patriarchal society in which women are forced into submission to men by placing all fault on females and leaving males completely unaccountable for their role in premarital

The main objective of this paper is to explore both the physical and psychological effects of women and girls after they have been genitally mutilated. Female genital mutilation is the removal or alteration of external female genitalia (WHO, 2017). In literal terms, female genital mutilation encompasses all procedures that remove partial or all of the external female genitalia (WHO, 2017). It has been determined that there are four major ways in which the female genitalia can be cut. The first one is considered Type I or clitoridectomy, which is the partial or total removal of the clitoris. Type II is excision, which includes a partial or total clitoridectomy along with the labia majora. Type III is referred to as infibulation,

The exploitive practice of female genital mutilation only serves male contingent of communities wishing to control and suppress woman, must be put to an end. Female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting and female circumcision, is defined by the World Health Organization as "all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons” (WHO, 2016). While the definition is technically correct, it fails to truly capture how heinous, senseless, and inhumane the act of FGM is. The

Female Genital Mutilation refers to several manners of conducting operations of women and girls, involving the partial or total removal of external genitalia. This practice is considered a traditional practice amongst many people and communities throughout the world. While the practice has been ongoing for centuries it has been deemed a human rights violation on the grounds that it inflicts harm on females, including damaging them in a physical, sexual, and psychological manner. These rights violations fall under The Convention of the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa.

At this point one might question the necessity and importance of universal moralism or morality for that matter. Morality embodies the concepts of moral standards, moral responsibility, and moral identity. Moral standards are principles that govern people’s behaviors