Morbidity: Lung Cancer

What are lung cancers? Lung cancers are the abnormal cells which grow in uncontrolled manner in one or both lungs. They do not function as normal lung cells and do not develop into healthy lung tissue. The abnormal cells can grow, form tumours and interfere with the normal functions of the lung (Lungcancer.org, 2015). Lung cancers can be divided into two major types, namely non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancers (SCLC). NSCLC can be further classified into three main subtypes, namely adenocarcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma and large-cell carcinoma (Longo & Harrison, 2012). Lung cancers can be diagnosed by chest X-ray, computerised tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography-computerised tomography (PET-CT) scan, bronchoscopy and biopsy (Nhs.uk, 2015). Unfortunately, lung cancers are often diagnosed at the later stages. This is due to the unrecognisable symptoms and warning signs at the earlier stages. NSCLC are often diagnosed at stage IV which accounts for 30-40% of cases whereas 60% of SCLC is diagnosed at stage IV. Lung cancer usually originates from the cells lining the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. Carcinogens especially tobacco smoke will alter the gene expression of the normal human lung cells, resulting in cell mutation. The proto-oncogenes will be converted to mutated form, oncogenes. Mutation leads to the decreased expression of the tumour suppressor genes. This results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, cell

     Lung cancer is the most common cancer-related cause of death among men and women. Lung cancer can be undetected for many years causing it to become more dangerous and possibly fatal. There is not cure for lung cancer or any cancer, but if detected in an early stage the lung cancer can be detected, treated, and hopefully terminated. There are many new and developing treatments being tested now that may save lives in the future. Through understanding what the lung cancer is, doctors can easily diagnose and assess cancer patients.

Lung cancer is a cancer (malignancy) that originates in the tissues of the lungs or the cells lining the airways. Lung cancer originates when normal lung cells become cancer cells, usually after a series of mutations, and begin to divide out of control.

Brief Description: Lung cancer, as with all cancers, is an uncontrollable increase of cells. It happens within the lung tissue, but it could also go on to affect other nearby tissue and spread to further out than just the lungs.

Lung cancer is a genetic and acquired disease. Lung cancer is genetic because cancer in general is caused by changes to the genes that control the way our cells function, especially how they grow and divide. All of these changes include mutations in the DNA that makes up our genes. Genetic changes that increase cancer risk can be inherited from our parents, if the changes are presents in germ cells. Which are the reproductive cells of the body, those are the eggs and the sperm. Lung cancer is also acquired because as the result of errors that occur as cells divide a person’s lifetime or exposure to certain chemicals. Some examples of these chemicals are found in tobacco smoke, radiation, UV rays from the sun that damage DNA. “In general, cancer cells have more genetic changes than normal cells. But each person’s cancer has a unique combination of genetic alterations.” Some of these changes may be the result of cancer, rather than the cause. As the cancer continues to grow, additional changes will occur. Even within the same tumor, cancer cells may have different genetic changes.

Cancer, it can affect anyone; it can affect any part of the body but what is it? Cancer results from the abnormality in the body's cells. This occurs when the cells divided and grow. Disruption in the system of the growth and division of a cell results in an uncontrolled division and proliferation of cells that form a mass which leads to cancer. The patient outcome for cancer is different for everyone, but it is also different with each type. In the respiratory department, a major type of cancer we will deal with is lung cancer. Lung cancer, however, has different types and stages, but for this paper, we are going to talk about Stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the article titled “Stage IIIA Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer” it states

Lung cancer is mainly caused by smoking, so a way to avoid lung cancer is not to smoke or be around someone who smokes. Smoking can cause lung cancer by damaging the cells that line the lungs. You can also avoid lung cancer by exercising regularly and eating a nutritious diet.

From all the cancers the body can be diagnosed with, lung cancer is the leading cause of death among men and women in the United States. About 14% of all new cancer cases are lung cancers, and it is likely that this percentage will continue to grow. The reason for the rise of this disease is due to one’s environment and lifestyle. And if you are not willing to change, you are at the risk of being affected with lung cancer.

Lung cancer is a deadly class of disease that is specifically composed of uncontrolled cell growth in the pulmonary extremities of the body (Crosta. 2009). When left untreated, the abnormal lung tissue eventually develops into life-threatening tumors (Crosta, 2009). Lung cancer is a disease that is particularly caused by smoking, nonetheless there are cases where it is simply developed naturally. The disease can severely harm the health of an individual over the course of years. In addition, researchers have determined that lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among both men and women (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). As of today, about 210,828 people in the United States have been diagnosed with lung cancer (CDC, 2015). In 2012, about

Lungs are located in the either side of your chest. When you breathe, air goes through your nose, down your windpipe, and into the lungs where it spreads through tubes called bronchi. Most lung cancer cells begin in the cells that line these tubes. Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both lungs (Lungcancer.org). In biology, I learned that a cancer cell is basically a dead cell. The cancer cell is a failed cell, it doesn’t work, or it just doesn’t reproduce at all. Although researchers found that it takes series of mutation to create a lung cancer cell (Lungcancer.org).

|Specific Purpose: |To inform readers on the causes, effects and treatments of lung cancer. |

Lung cancer occurs when abnormal cells in one or both lungs grow in an uncontrolled way and form a mass called a neoplasm or tumour. The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system located in the chest cavity on either side of the heart. Lung cancer can originate anywhere in the lungs. Tumours can be benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumours do not spread to other parts of the body, although they may interfere with other areas of the body as they grow. They may come up as nodules or a ‘spot on the lung’ in an x-ray. A malignant tumour is characterised by its ability to spread to other parts of the body through a process known as metastasis. If the spread is not stopped,

Cancer is the most significant cause of death for both men and women is measured to be the main cause of cancer decease worldwide, and it is complex to detect in its early stages because symptoms emerge only in the advanced stages causing the mortality rate to be the highest among all other types of cancer. More people die since of lung cancer than any other types of cancer such as breast, colon, and prostate cancers. There is major evidence indicating that the early detection of lung cancer will reduce mortality rate. The majority recent estimate according to the latest figures provided by world health organization indicates that around 7.6 million deaths worldwide each year because of this type of cancer. Furthermore, mortality from cancer

The type of cancer i chose for my research paper is Lung Cancer. I chose this type of cancer because my grandad had this type cancer last year (2016). The main causes of lung cancer is mainly smoking but also can be caused by second hand smoking. When a person goes to the doctor they can have a CT Scan taken and have the doctors look for any small lesions in your lungs that may be a result in lung cancer. If the doctors do see lesions they can take a sample of the person's tissue and examine it better under a microscope. Symptoms of lung cancer may be coughing (often with blood), chest pain, wheezing, and also weight loss. There are four types of treatment for this cancer, which are surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy.

Cancer is one of the serious health problems affecting the world among which lung cancer is an important one. The mortality rate due to lung cancer is very high. But the early detection of lung cancer can reduce the mortality rate. Studies shows that $85 $ of the lung cancer in males and $75$ lung cancer in females are due to cigarette smoking [1].