Morbidity and Mortality in Inflants

According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2016), preterm birth are the birth that happened before 37 ended weeks of pregnancy and is one of the number reason of newborn deaths and the second prominent cause of deaths in children below five. The preterm babies have chances of an amplified risk of illness, disability and death. In the first weeks, the complications of premature birth may include: breathing problems, heart problems, brain problems, temperature control problems, gastrointestinal problems, blood problems, metabolism problems, immune system problems. Long-term complications includes cerebral palsy, impaired cognitive skills, vision problem, hearing problems, dental problems, behavioral and psychological problems, chronic health issues.

Defining premature birth is much more than just a denotative phrase. It is not just a preterm birth, or a baby born early. It is a life-changing event, and something that affects millions of people worldwide. The intense quiet room with heart monitors beeping, as parents see their baby and are devastated. Loved ones can not feed them or kiss them nor, can they not hold them or hug them. They do not get the same experience as others. Little miracles lay inside these cubes where multiple wires are help keeping them alive. A place where prayers happen, and where all hope for the best. Nobody knows the true pain and struggle behind a preterm birth and it needs to be discussed. Prematurity is a serious conflict; therefore, it needs more awareness as many families are facing this tough situation.

Premature birth is an important public health priority in terms of health of women and infants. Every year an estimated 15 million preterm babies are born and this number is still rising (WHO, 2015).In 2014, 1 of every 10 babies born in United States were premature and black infants were 50% more likely to be born premature than white, Hispanic and Asian/Pacific islander infants (CDC,2015). Almost 1 million children die each year due to complications of premature birth (WHO, 2015). Major survivors face lifelong disabilities like learning disabilities, hearing, visual, feeding, digestive, breathing and respiratory problems (CDC, 2015) and low birth weight (March of Dimes, 2014). A major challenge in decreasing the rate of preterm birth is

Infant deaths in the neonatal period are caused by complications arising from preterm births, birth defects, maternal health conditions, complications of labor and delivery, and lack of access to appropriate care at the time of delivery. Infant deaths in the post-neonatal period are driven by sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) (including sudden infant death syndrome [SIDS]), injury, and infection (MMRW, 2013). An increasing proportion of post-neonatal infant deaths occur among infants who were born preterm but survived the neonatal period (Callaghan, 2006). On the other hand there is lesser knowledge of the incidence and etilogy of fetal mortality which according to MacDorman et al, makes fetal mortality an overlooked public health issue. Lee et al, echoed the same idea when they said infant mortality has been the main focus of public health programming while fetal deaths have gone untargeted. However, with the decrease in infant mortality rates there have been recent approaches such as perinatal period of risk analysis framework (PPOR) that highlight the need to include fetal

By launching the “Prematurity Campaign” in which it reports the crisis and help families have to what is consider normal full-term, healthy babies. By launching the Prematurity Campaign to address the crisis and help families have full-term, healthy babies. From depth research has shown prematurity can cause long-term health problems for babies. Premature infants may have a tougher time while learning in school. Most of the post problems arise from incomplete development. The effect of premature birth on language development plays a key role to highlight a series of deficits in preterm low-birth-weight children. Language development problems are among these

The patient population is the preterm babies that are less than 37 weeks’ and weight

Herein I briefly overview the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) within the United States. Initially, I discuss specific causes of infant death and then, contributing factors which put babies at risk. Next, the distribution of various IMR is surveyed on a state to state basis. States possessing the ten highest infant mortality rates are discussed, including possible reasons for higher IMR. In addition, those states with the ten lowest IMR are mentioned. In conclusion, I consider preventative measures for minimizing the number of babies that die each year.

According to the World Health Organisation [WHO] (2014) pre-term babies are at increased risk of illness, disability and death. It also states that globally 15 million babies are born pre-term and the figures are rising. In England and Wales during 2012 7.3% of live births were pre-term under 37 weeks nearly 85% of all babies born prematurely will have a very low birth weight (Office for National Statistics, 2012). Pre-term birth is associated with respiratory complications and lung disease, long-tern neurological damage and problems with bowel function (Henderson & Macdonald, 2011). Neonatal services provide care to babies who are born prematurely or are ill and require specialist care. It is seen that sixty per cent of infant deaths occur in the neonatal period (DH,

After revising the key terms, additional searches were made using both CINAHL and MEDLINE databases, with each article being evaluated and better search mechanisms being applied. In this search the key words preterm AND aboriginal women were used with the result being relatively successful, however there were still a number of articles that were not all applicable. I then decided to go through each article and critique how each study was conducted and what information it could provide to increase my knowledge on the factors that affect preterm birth. Additionally I also looked at which articles provided the highest level of evidence using NHMRC guidelines, as well as observing the number of people who had cited the source (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2015). Being more specific in database searches was a skill that became vital in the search process (Symmons, 2013). For example, I also chose synonyms such as, ‘neonatal outcomes’ and ‘premature pregnancy’ so articles relevant to preterm birth could be discovered. By establishing effective search terms, evaluating the reliability of the source, restricting

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), also called crib death, is the death without apparent organic cause of an infant under the age of one year (Lerner, 2008). It is very hard to define sudden infant death syndrome because there is no known cause to why this happens to infants. Many argue that the child’s environment may have an impact on SIDS. “The vast majority of reported and published SIDS cases come from countries and continents in the Earth's temperate zones (Kiple, 2003).” In some studies doctors believe the prenatal or lack thereof is the cause. Based on several recent and older studies the cause remains conclusive.

Today, our world endures many issues in regards to infants. Low-Birth Weight is a term we here on a regular base in related to infants. Nearly 24,000 infants died in the United States in 2011 (CDC, 2014).Although there are various reasons why there are so many infant deaths, low- birth weight contributed to the factor. Infant mortality rates over the years have slightly declined but this epidemiology has continues to be an issue throughout the years. As we look to overcome this issue, it’s clear that it will take the help of everyone in order to continue decreasing the risk factors associated with fetal mortality.

In his article, "Why are so many U.S. women dying during childbirth?", Munz (2012) pointed out that U.S. is experiencing a rise in maternal mortality. It has doubled for the last 25 years and the experts are uncertain about the increase. Experts are not entirely clear for the rise in the maternal deaths in the U.S., but there are some aspects that may be link to this.

Infant mortality is the death of a child that is less than one year of age. Infant mortality rates are measured by the number of deaths in infants per number of live births. Infants are usually up to that age of one year. The health outcomes of a pregnancy is mainly influenced by a woman's health. Other risk factors include race, ethnicity, age, and income. Socioeconomic status and geographic location are major influences for infant mortality of a child. Most babies that die before their first year can be because they are born with a serious defect, is a preterm birth (Born too small or too early/37 weeks), infections, affected by maternal complications of pregnancy, victims of injuries and victims of sudden infant death syndrome also known as SIDS. National Vital Statistics Reports studied the infant mortality rates for the top five leading causes of infant death from 2005 to 2009. The top five leading causes were congenital malformations, preterm birth or low birth weight, SIDS, maternal complications, and unintentional injuries. Congenital malformations had the biggest decrease from 2005 to 2009 while the other four causes decreased only a little bit or not at all. National Vital Statistics Reports also studied infant mortality rates, by the race and ethnicity of the mother in the United States from 2005 to 2009. The infant mortality rate for each race and ethnicity of the mothers decreased from 2005 to 2009. The non-Hispanic blacks had the highest infant mortality rate

Preterm Birth is one of the most important and interesting topics to any prospective parent. One of the reasons is because it happens so often and unexpectedly. Preterm Birth has become a personal interest in research simply because it has made a tremendous impact in my life. Having a Preterm Birth has taught me lots of things, such as, to grow as a person and as a mother, to see things from a different perspective, to get up, continue with my life, and perhaps to learn how to say “good bye” to a little one without even saying “hello.” For all the reasons above, there are some questions I would like to address: Why do preterm births happen and how can it be prevented? What kind of help is offered to parents and family members who go through the process of having a preterm birth? How effective and relevant is that help?

While some women who received no prenatal care had normal, uncomplicated births, others did not. Most of the women who did not receive adequate prenatal care gave birth to an underweight and underdeveloped infant. Among the benefits of early, comprehensive prenatal care are decreased risk of preterm deliveries and low birth weight (LBW)-both major predictors of infant morbidity and mortality. (Dixon, Cobb, Clarke, 2000). Preterm deliveries, deliveries prior to 37 weeks of gestation, have risen. Since the studies in 1987, which showed the rate of preterm deliveries as 6.9% of births, the 1997 rate shows an increase to 7.5%. Low birth weight, defined as an infant weighing less than 2500 grams (5lbs. 5oz) is often preceded by preterm delivery. Low