Morphine Research Paper

For thousands of years, opiates have been used in the treatment of pain. Opium is believed to have been discovered 6000 BC, and since then, it has had a huge impact on both medicine and the recreations of those seeking euphoria. More recent than the ancient discovery of natural opium are the derivatives of opium, such as the alkaloids morphine, codeine, and thebaine. From these alkaloids, semi-synthetic opiates can by synthesized, such as hydrocodone, and oxycodone. Synthetic opioids are also quite prevalent, which include fentanyl and tramadol. Opium can also be processed into heroin, a morphine derivative. As advancements were made in science and engineering to allow for a wider distribution and usage of opiates, the problems of dependence and overdose also increased drastically. According to Hart and Ksir (2013, p. 302), the invention of the hypodermic needle for intravenous administration of morphine and other drugs allowed for a much faster and more potent dose of the drug. With this increased potency came an increase in the possibility of a recreational intravenous user to overdose. Hart also mentions that some of the wars surrounding the era of the synthesis of morphine may have contributed to the rise of morphine, seeing as a medic soldier’s motto was always “first provide relief” (2013). This relief-driven attitude and extensive use of opioid analgesics in medicine during the time, in addition to the large amount of patent medicines and remedies on the market may

Heroin is named after the German word for hero, heroisch. It was first made by C. R. Alder Wright in 1874 by adding two acetyl groups to the molecule morphine, a natural product of the opium poppy. Heroin is an illegal, highly addictive drug. It is both the most abused and the most rapidly acting of the opiates, about two to four times more potent than morphine and is faster in its onset of action. It is processed from morphine which is a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seed pod of certain varieties of poppy plants. It is typically sold as a white or brownish powder or as the black sticky

Morphine, named after Morphis the god of dreams, was introduced to America in 1817. Created by a German chemist who extracted an active alkaloid from opium, morphine was produced as the first ever pain killer. This substance created a happy, sedated, and euphoric feeling in its users. And the practice of this drug in the 19th century was extensive. People and doctors believed that it could cure everything from third degree burns to diarrhea and was even the notorious alcoholic. During this time period in America, alcohol (although widely used) was considered to be one of the most dangerous substances. Because of this, Doctors would prescribe morphine to patients to cure the addiction. Publicly it was simply seen as a better alternative (better to be the quiet recluse, than a loud drunken buffoon). Though this drug had its foot in the door in America very early on, it didn’t really make a splash until the civil war.

Opioid drugs and their receptor is one of the most extensively studying areas in pharmacology. This field of research really began from isolation of morphine, an active ingredient of opium, by German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner in 1989. The compound he managed to isolate was called morphine after Morpheus, the Greek god of dream. Later Pierre Robiquet in France isolated the second predominant alcholoid of opium, codeine. After the discovery that morphine can be used as anesthetic in some medical procedures, it became widely used during surgeries (Brownstein, 1993). In 1898, the Bayer Company in Germany synthesized another opioid compound, heroin. Heroin was a non-prescription drug, which was thought to be more potent than morphine in producing analgesia, and more powerful than codeine in cough suppression. The legal production of heroin was suspended in 1925 when high levels of heroin addiction were noticed (Hosztafi, 2001, Tsisanova, 2012). In 1939, Otto Eisleb synthesized meperidine, first opioid ligand structurally not related to morphine. This was followed by the discovery of methadone by Max Bochmühl and Gustav Ehrhart just before the Second World War in unfortunate attempt to synthesize addiction-free opioid (Sneader, 2005, Tsisanova, 2012). 1940s were marked with the discovery of opioid antagonists, nalorphine and naloxone. The later compound is still widely used in research as well as clinically

The term Opioid is derived from the opium poppy. It is an annual herb that contains about eight capsules with different color flowers. The seeds are cut out from the stem and used for different purposes. Descriptions from the Egyptians shows the opium seeds to be used to prevent excessive crying while the Greeks used it for a sleep inducing substance. (Khademi, 2015, p.870) Opium is the starting material for an array of medications. It is synthesized and then is an opioid used for mainly the treatment of pain in anesthesia, cancer, acute pain, osteoarthritis, limb pain, sickle cell anemia, and more. (Khademi, 2015, p870)

Opium is an analgesic drug that produce euphoric. Opium originates from a plant called Papaver Somniferum, more commonly known as the “poppy tears”. Opium have varying amount of alkaloids such as morphine, codeine, thebaine and papaverine. Primarily seen in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Northern India, Thailand, Turkey,Laos, Burma, Mexico, Colombia, and Hungary. Opium is a drug that causes hallucinations creating illusions through each dose taken. Actually the author of Alice and Wonderland was using opium while creating the story. Opium is more commonly known in Heroin. Heroin is processed with other chemicals, opium being one of the main ingredients. Like Heroin, Opium can be injected, smoked, snorted, or taken in the shape of a pill. This drug

From the ancient Egyptians to Alexander the Great to World War II medics, the opium poppy has been used for its unmatched pain relieving qualities. Opium is the juice extracted from the opium poppy. It contains alkaloids such as morphine and codeine. These alkaloids carry intense analgesic (painkilling) capabilities but also contain intense euphoria and addictive qualities. Opium has analgesic qualities, which are second to none, however, because of its addictive qualities it is pertinent that doctors find an alternative to opioid drugs and prevent further addiction problems.

Morphine is one of the principal ingredients of opium, a naturally occurring drug that is cultivated directly from the poppy plant. Morphine and opium are in a category of substances called opiates. Opiates are used for pain reduction in hospitals. The effects of opiates result from their interaction with biological processes inside the human body. For example, opiates alter the functioning of specialized cells called neurons that are found in the nervous system. Neurons help people to sense and perceive light and sound, express emotions, and think. Thus, opiates can affect feelings, cognition, and behavior (Busse, 2006).

We know that opium has been around for a very long time; however, we have only dealt with it in the United States for a couple hundred years. It was from opium that morphine, a derivative, was developed as a pain killer in approximately 1810. During the Civil War the numbers of people exposed to morphine in the course of being treated for their war-related injuries sky-rocketed. Tens of thousands of Northern and Confederate soldiers became morphine addicts. By 1874 the answer to this increased problem was thought to be found in the invention of a new drug in Germany. This new wonder drug was called Heroin, after its German trademark name. By 1925 there were an estimated 200,000 heroin addicts in the country (Narconon, 2015).

Opium is a narcotic drug produced from the drying resin of unripe capsules of the opium poppy, Papaver Somniferum. The major constituent of opium is morphine, and these molecules have pain-killing properties similar to those of compounds called endorphins produced in the body. Several used it as a therapeutic drug to relieve depression, as well as physical pain. Opiates first produce a feeling of pleasure and euphoria, which is part of what is responsible for the psychological drive of certain people use this drug. By the 17th century, opium was used strictly for medication in Western Europe, but by the end of the 17th century, addiction became more widespread. At this time, the specific effects of opium on the human body and mind

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) ID of morphine is (5α,6α)-7,8-didehydro- 4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol. The general formula for Morphine is C17H19NO3 and it is recognized as a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid with two additional rings attached to complete the overall structure.

Morphine is derived from the opium poppy plant also known as Papaver somniferum; this substance is utilized for many different medicinal uses. This plant allows for chemical compounds to formulate different types of narcotics that can decrease nausea, suppress cough, treat effects of cancer, promote quality of life and in such cases of morphine, control acute pain. The narcotic called morphine is a Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid.

    Painkillers started with Opioids made from poppy, most often and most active of all is morphine. Morphine is very powerful and addictive. Doctors of the 1600s used an Opium based painkiller called ladanum which was opium based alcohol. In the early 1900s doctors used morphine made from pure opium, this was used a lot during the civil war. Another drug derived from opium near this time period would be Codeine. Codeine was often made made and therefore less powerful and less addictive, It was discovered in the mid 18 hundreds in france, it was mainly used for coughs.

Morphine is a strong opioid pain killer. It is widely used throughout healthcare to treat pain, and is typically given intravenously (IV) in the hospital setting. Patients may also receive prescriptions to treat

Known to have been used by the Greeks, Celts, Romans, Arabs, Chinese, and Indians, natural remedies and herbs have been used all over the world. With more and more people getting sick, comes the fact that many people don’t have extra income to spend on synthetic or prescription drugs. While some may argue that synthetic and prescription drugs are beneficial, natural remedies have been used for thousands of years and have become well-established practices because they provide the body with nutrients and wholesome benefits, detoxify the body, have little to no side effects, are less expensive, are very easy to obtain and use, and are non-addictive unlike some synthetic and prescription drugs.