Morphology of Rural Settlements in Malda

There are three different divisions that make up the Middle Eastern ecological trilogy. One division is the villagers. The villages consist of large family units that live in rural areas, farming the land. Another division is the pastoral nomads. Pastoral nomads are tribes of people that wander the land, looking for areas to graze their livestock. The last division is the Urbanites. Urbanites are the people who live in large towns and cities and produce many technical innovations. Each of these branches are dependent on each other to get the goods they need to survive.

Some theories suggest that the Neolithic revolution brought about the formation of the state and civilization (Childe, 1950). A highly discussed theory, called the Urban Revolution theory, examines the transition from village to state following the implementation of agriculture (Childe, 1950). This theory suggests that agriculture allowed the production of excess food, also referred to as surplus, and because of this surplus farming communities were able to allow a few individuals to part time specialize in skills and crafts unrelated to food production (Childe, 1950). As agricultural technology progressed, farming communities were able to produce greater crop yields which allowed some individuals to be completely rid of any food procurement responsibilities (Childe, 1950). This allowed certain people to fully specialize in a profession and take on roles such as merchants, public figures, or as religious figures (Childe, 1950).

Physical characteristics would have affected settlement patterns in the seventeenth century by changing whether a population would have to spread apart or if they would have to remain concentrated in one area and by changing what kind of homes they could have. The Eastern Woodlands included the Midwest and Northeast Regions. This region had rolling hills, plains, plentiful rainfall and moderate seasons. The Iroquois lived mainly near the Great Lakes and oceans in areas close to lakes and streams. Because of the welcoming climate, the Iroquois were able to farm allowing them to have permanent settlements with the longhouses that they preferred. Furthermore, because they lived near water, they had the ability to fish using the boats they were

As history repeats itself, we continue to notice that there are many geographic factors that effect regions across the world. A few of the most noticeable are monsoons and deserts. Over time these factors have altered the relationships between certain regions and benefitted our development in society. However, they can be extremely demoralizing as well. Not only is nature disrupted but the way in which people live on a daily basis. We are forced to make changes and adapt to the overwhelming geographic factors.

The domestication of plants and animals lead to great change in the development and structuring of communities, as the hunter-gatherer lifestyle was slowly replaced by permanent settlements of farmers and villages. We can see that the communities varied greatly dependent on their local ecology, the resources available, and the time period within which their community was based. The road to agricultural way of life in the MIddle East is characterized by Four distinct stages. It was during the Kebaran period, and Geometric Kebaran in which hunter-gatherers began to utilize the plant and animal resources of the region. Architecture became a prominent feature of the Natufian period, as communities began to transition to village life from

Geography and the environment play a monumental role in the establishment and success of a nearly every civilization. For example, rivers bring water and allow for agricultural development, while mountains or deserts provide for protection and create a barrier. Many things, such as the aforementioned deserts and mountains, can offer both positive and negative influences on the society in question. The climate and amount of rainfall is directly related to the success or failure of crop growing, and thus related to the amount of time spent on simply surviving. Civilizations that are able to spend less time on subsistence farming are able to redirect that energy towards the establishment of arts, culture, religion, and science. Where a

Periodic floods provides much-needed fertile agricultural soil along its banks. The soils outside the Niger valley in are poor and shallow and form a hard, red crust

Farming made people’s lives easier. It brought steady food supplies and allowed people to stay longer in one place. As the Fertile Crescent grew in popularity, more people were able to work on the farms, which resulted in copious amount of crops and many more people survived. People flourished in the Fertile Crescent for thousands of years. However, the village in the Fertile Crescent did not last long. People began to abandon their homes and move because it was hard to make a living after they destroyed most of their environment. Since there was no grass, a couple of trees, and minimum water, villagers were unable to farm and meet their needs to grow and survive. The only chance to survive was to move east or west. The East and the West had the same latitude, meaning similar climate, vegetation, and length of day. Geography played a big role in the rise of Eurasian cultures because the Fertile Crescent was in the center of a large area. Farming happened in many places while going east or west because there were plenty of land to grow and gather

The Malheur Occupation, and the subsequent reasons behind it, have brought to the public the ethical debate of who owns the land, and to whom does the government owe an ethical debt. Does the government owe and ethical debt to the ranchers and their community and lifestyle, conforming to Pinchot’s conservationist points of view? Or does the government owe an ethical debt to the environment and environmental research going on within the confines of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, following Muir’s preservationist points of view? This ethical debate revolves around the Production of Nature: the theory that nature and the environment, if it was ever to be truly separated from the populace, is now a product of human industry and

While previously many settlements had not aggregated into actual villages, the increasing use of arable farming over animal husbandry, the increase in number of great landowners in need of administrative support, and the increase of population and colonization within the 11th and 12th centuries saw an explosion in the number

The characteristics of the land the societies’ were located is really ties the to places together and demonstrates how small aspects of nature can really help a civilization.

The research in the article is based on literature over the last decade pertaining to political ecology on the rural West and its agricultural economies correlation to land mergers.

During the Paleolithic Era, many humans around the world lived as part of hunter-gatherer societies. An important aspect of these foraging societies was obtaining food. As the dawn of agriculture came about in the globe, many of the earlier aspects of these societies had changed. In “An Edible History of Humanity” the invention of agriculture led many societies to develop new settlement patterns, religious beliefs, and ideas of social stratification all based on food production during the Neolithic Revolution. As more hunter-gatherer societies started using agriculture, many of their settlement patterns had changed.

Barth examines three groups in their relationships with the natural habitat and with one another in terms of using the concept of a niche, meaning “the place of a group in the total environment, its relations to resources and competitors” (Barth, 1079). The three groups Barth examins are the Pathans who are the sedentary agriculturalists; Kohostanis who practice agriculture and transhumant herding; and lastly the Gujars who are nomadic herders. The Gujars are under a single political leader that organizes groups by lineages and clans. The Pathans are seemed as the most powerful ones. All groups had different political systems that worked with one another.

Bangladesh is one of the largest deltas in the world which is highly Penetrable to Natural Disasters because of its Geographical location, Flat and low-lying landscape, Poverty, Population density, Illiteracy, Lack of Institutional setup etc. Similarly the Physical, Social as well as Economic states of Bangladesh are very typical to any of the most Penetrable countries to Natural Disasters in the world . The total land area is 147,570 sq. km. consists mostly of Floodplains (almost 80%) leaving major part of the country (with the exception of the north-western highlands) prone to flooding in the rainy season. Moreover, the adverse affects of Climate Change – especially High Temperature, Cyclones and Sea-level Rise, Storm Surges, Salinity Intrusion, Heavy Monsoon Downpours etc. has aggravated the overall Economic Development scenario of the country to a great extent.