Mortar Adhesive from Mollusk Shell: Mussel Shell and Oyster Shell

Glue themselves to rocks, filter food during high tide, trap door to store moisture in shell

An idea that seems interesting to me is the water absorbing concrete. Researching the uses and the benefits of this concrete can be an important factor in my career. With this research, it will be easy to decide whether to include this material in my building inventory. It would also increase the knowledge of everyone around f the uses and benefits of this special

When reading of the concrete that the ancient Romans used, and learning of their unique mixture of volcanic ash and slaked lime (“pozzolana”) I find it most interesting that this concrete still proves to be standing in some places today! It is said to be less sturdy than what we use here in America (Andrews, 2012) but no doubt it gave modern civilization the ingenuity to create what we use today.

Lining the shore with biodegradable jute bags: These bags capture wave energy but still allow sand to drift naturally along the coast. There is concern that these jute bags can cause damage to the local ecology and are unsightly when decomposing which can have a negative impact on

They cut the stone and clay with saws lacking "teeth". The saws were often double sided so two people could saw at once. If the material was too hard they would drill holes into the stone or clay and cut it into seperate parts, Thats where the intellect comes in at. Also another material was used between bricks and stones and in concrete. It was called mortar. Mortar was a mixture of sand, lime and a powder gained by burning limestone plus water. Youve probably seen this inbetween brick used to build brick homes or buildings its often gray and flakey. "When mortar was used in construction underwater, a gravelly substance called pozzolana was added, which made the mortar become extremely hard when

Many oysters consume Microplastic and this causes many problumes. From the national geographic webstie, on a artical about Microplastic "As reiterated from the study by the French Institute for the Exploitation of the Sea, “Oysters that consume microplastics eat more algae and absorb it more efficiently…[their] ability to reproduce is almost halved.” Not only does this affect oysters, many fish and aquatic life dwelers who eat oysters and the creaturs that eat these oysters, and so on. This makes these creatures very sick and in some cases die.

Plastic in the Oceans: Having been to the Centers for Disease Control’s David J. Sencer Museum this past year, I was able to see the exhibition GYRE: The Plastic Ocean. The ocean has become littered with enormous amounts of plastic over the years and, in some places, entire islands can be found entirely composed of discarded or lost plastic objects. The sheer volume of new and current information currently being put forth on this topic makes it an excellent one for research.

The planets sustainability is under attack from human dependency on the convenience of plastic and are failing in the proper disposal of those items. Advocacy groups the like of Cairns and Far North Environment Centre (cafnec) who are offering solutions through education awareness and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) who are offering grants for marine debris removal, educational programs and research. In an article from cafnec (2013) they pointed out that 80% of plastic debris comes from land and during beach clean up the most common item found have been plastic bottle caps, bags and pellets. These items are being are in dead seabirds gizzards as they cannot distinguish plastic debris from food. Human littering of

If you go to Rome today you can see many ancient ruins that are still there because Romans used a ‘secret’ ingredient to stand their buildings. An example would be the Colosseum. In Rome, you can see that most of the Colosseum are still there, that’s because the Romans used cement when they made it. This proves that cement is strong and should be used in all

First, concrete durable. Concrete is something that will outlive other products up to three times over (“What Makes…”). In addition to durability, concrete is efficient. Concrete can be made with byproducts from power plants, and other aspects of manufacturing. Concrete is primarily made up limestone, the most abundant material on Earth. Above all of this concrete can be recycled. Concrete can be crushed and recycled into another structure or product, reducing the need to mine the limestone for production. Concrete also allows water to pass through which reduces the chance of flash flooding, erosion, and water table depletion as compared to other materials. This is a major check in the sustainability of concrete; the conservation of soil, landscape and ecosystems. Concrete is a very green option when it comes to building

Pozzolana was used to make mortar and concrete. Pozzolana was used to make mortar and concrete. To make concrete, pozzolana was made mortar, then the mortar was mixed with lime and strengthening materials such as chips of rock and broken brick. Concrete can be used together with bricks to make permanent structures of a building. Concrete can be used to take the place of rubble as the filling of a wall, and this developed opus incertum or a wall which was filled by concrete then faced by irregular shaped stones and bind by courses of brick.

The first phase of our project, the research, will be completed on March 23rd in order to

Chemical pollutants, such as petroleum, are known to weaken their immune system (Why Endangered, ¶4). This not only affects the turtles directly but also their food source and a new disease called fibropapillomas may be linked to ocean pollution . People assume that the chemicals that go in the ocean will not have a big effect but in reality the concentration of the chemical gets greater and greater as energy and nutrients move up the food chain (Information About Threats, ¶14). More than 100 million different types of marine animals are killed each year from plastic in the ocean. Over 80% of the plastics that find their way into the ocean come from storm drains, beach streets and wind blowing pieces from landfills. Some of the dangerous plastics are so small that they are invisible to the naked eye. An example is the leather backs who eat jellyfish as the main part of their diet closely resemble plastic bags, balloons, bottles, degraded buoys, plastic packaging, and food wrappers that they cannot distinguish between and end up eating. (Information About Threats, ¶7). The effects of marine debris are unknown but include discarded/lost fishing gear, steel and monofilament line, synthetic and natural rope,plastic onion stacks, and discarded plastic netting.

Roman building using cement (Labate, 2016) dates from the third century BCE. Cement was used with crushed bricks and rock to produce concrete used for building. The cement was made from volcanic dust (pozzolana), lime (calcium oxide) or gypsum (calcium sulphate). This mixture reacts when mixed with water, binding the concrete into a permanent, strong, impermeable structure. The Roman engineers discovered that the use of cement in their mortar dramatically increased its strength. Special types of cement were discovered and used for under-water structures like harbors and bridge piers. Roman workmen perfected the skill of building with concrete, some of which, like the Parthenon, are still intact and beautiful to this day. During the first century CE, Rome had a “Concrete Revolution”, many concrete buildings being built as skill developed.

It was discovered that if you combine clay and limestone and expose it to extreme heat temperatures that it will temper. After these substances temper, they are then crushed into a powdery substance. At this point in the process this powdery mixture when mixed with water can be formed into many different shapes for building. The mixture then sets with time and air. It develops into a very sturdy material which can be used in the construction of buildings.