Motivation: India energy scenario: Today, India is the fifth largest energy consumer in the world.

There are several types of shale that are drilled in which include: Bakken shale, Barnett shale, Eagle Ford shale, Haynesville shale, Marcellus shale, and Utica shale. Bakken shale is a formation of oil deposits that can be found in parts of Montana, North Dakota, and parts of Saskatchewan which is located in Canada (“What is Fracking”). Barnett shale contains large amounts of natural gas, and sometimes oil and can be found in North Texas (“What is

Petroleum is created over millions of years from dead alagae that goes to the bottom of the ocean and is buried beneath the surface.

Coal-bed methane is naturally occurring methane with some amounts of hydrocarbon gas as well as non-hydrocarbon gas that is contained in coal seams resulting from chemical

The Marcellus Shale rock formation harbors the largest natural gas reserve that runs from New York to Tennessee. (Federman 2010 p.35) The only way to extract the natural gas is to use the process of hydrofracking. The process of hydrofracking uses a mixture of water, sand and chemicals to drill and fracture the Marcellus Shale to extract the natural gas. Clean water is used from local aquifers to produce the water mixture called “slurry” which is made up of 99% clean water (Rush 2010 p.28). The slurry additives are described in the journal article “In the Wake of the Shale Revolution: A Primer on Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid Chemical Disclosure” as, 3

Finally, the flowing natural gas is pushed up by the immense pressure of the gas, where it is collected. When the gas is extracted it leaves the propping agents beneath the surface. The liquid, officially identified a wastewater or flow back water, frequently contains elevated levels of entire liquefied solids. Furthermore, many times it also contains genuine radiate constituents, fracking fluid extracts, and metals.

4. Coal Seam Gas is a naturally occurring gas found in coal seams hundreds of metres below the surface of the Earth. Like conventional gas, CSG is comprised mostly of methane and is a type of petroleum. Coal Seam Gas is extracted via different methods including

In 2000, shale beds where the number one source of America’s constant need for gas. Most of that production increase has come about to the growing need of hydraulic fracturing, also known as “fracking”, which is a process used to release oil or gas from underground formations that are otherwise too hard to mine with other tools. Over the past few years, advances in fracking technology have made huge reserves of natural gas in America economically recoverable. According to the Energy Information Administration, shale gas plays, or fields, in the United States, most notably the Marcellus, in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and New York, and the Barnett, in Texas, are said to contain enough natural gas to give power to the country for a hundred and ten years. With the everlasting specter of energy independence, some have argued that such efforts to recover natural gas need to be expanded. Activists concerned with fracking’s potential environmental hazards view the new process as a serious threat to our environment. There are many different opinions on wether or not fracking is a safe way to gain our gasoline, and to meet the growing demands of gasoline around the world. The process of fracking creates cracks that come from wells into oil and gas formations by pumping highly pressurized fluids, ceramic beads, sand, and a mixture of chemicals, into the gas formation. As this fluid holds the underground fissures open, oil and gas fly up the well to the surface where they are

Natural gas is a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons that can be found in sedimentary rocks. This mixture may consist of ethane, nitrogen, helium, propane, and butane. Shaling is composing a rock of sedimentary mixture which is formed by compressing fine layers of clay rich sediment together. Fracking is the process where pieces of the rock that is located below the surface of the earth is opened by chemical injections at high pressure. The impact of fracking on health is currently being examined due to its phenomenal scale of drilling.

Oil and gas are found in little pockets in the shale by fracturing theses pockets it causes the hydrocarbons to be released, Hence the name fracking. To keep open and widen cracks, sand and chemical treated water is pumped into the shale. A

Fissures created by high pressure fracking fluid to increase gas flow to the well also create pathways for leakage and consequent contamination of groundwater (Yu et al. 2014). Boreholes drilled for well access must pass through shallower strata, which may contain groundwater aquifers, before reaching target natural gas reservoirs (Davies et al. 2014). Passing through shallow layers of strata introduces a potential source of contamination to groundwater resources (Davies et al. 2014). Leakage into groundwater wells can occur due to poor well completion practices, the corrosion of steel casing, and the deterioration of cement during production of shale gas (Davies et al. 2014). Therefore, shale gas well integrity is important in reducing contamination events.

Gas and oil is usually formed over thousands and thousands of years under large bodies of water, where organic materials have died. The organic material of plants and animals settle to the bottom of the waters floor and

Natural gas is made up of just the two elements, Carbon and Hydrogen. All of the natural gas we use today began as microscopic plants and animals living in the ocean. As they become buried ever deeper, heat and pressure begin to rise. Natural gas deposits migrated until they were caught under impermeable layers of rock or clay, where they were trapped. (“Natural gas and,” 2013)

The International Energy Agency estimates that by the year 2003 forty percent of the world's energy production will be from sources other than fossil fuels or nuclear power. Nevertheless, the need for

The formation of the other two fossil fuels (crude oil and natural gas) took millions of years just like coal. Oil and gas come from the remains of small animals and plants. Long ago, when the animals and plants died, they sank to the bottom of the sea. The dead matter formed a large mass, which over time was covered by layers of sand, silt, and mud. As the weight of the sediment increased, the mass became more and more compressed. Then, the heat and pressure of the Earth eventually turned the mass into oil and gas. If the heat applied during the formation was low, then more oil was produced than gas. If the temperature was

Bilen et al., (2008:1531) predicted that global energy consumption will account for around 85% of the increase in world primary demand over 2002– 2030. The increasing of global energy demand happens the global stock of fossil fuel resources may be adequate for short term period, thus requiring the development of renewable energy sources, which would not decrease the stock of fossil fuel resources available for future generation. There is an increasing interest in the development of renewable energies such as biofuel and wind power, which have a great potential energy to produce enough power for the world’s population demand.