3473X_CH02_4759.qxd
1/31/07
8:45 AM
Page 23
CHAPTER
© Jones and Bartlett Publishers. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
2
Management and Motivation
Nancy H. Shanks
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this chapter the student will be able to:
■
■
■
■
■
Frame the context for understanding the concept of motivation, particularly who and what motivates employees;
Provide an overview of the different theories of motivation;
Identify extrinsic and intrinsic factors that impact motivation;
Assess misconceptions about motivation; and,
Suggest strategies to enhance employee motivation.
INTRODUCTION
Managers are continually challenged to motivate a workforce to do two things. The first challenge is to motivate
…show more content…
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
26
CHAPTER 2
■
■
■
M ANAGEMENT
AND
M OTIVATION
Belonging needs—including the desire for social contact and interaction, friendship, affection, and various types of support;
Esteem needs—including status, recognition, and positive regard; and, Self-actualization needs—including the desire for achievement, personal growth and development, and autonomy.
The movement from one level to the next was termed satisfaction progression by Maslow, and it was assumed that over time individuals were motivated to continually progress upward through these levels. While useful from a theoretical perspective, most individuals do not view their needs in this way, making this approach to motivation a bit unrealistic.
■
Alderfer’s ERG Theory—The three components identified by
Alderfer (1972) drew upon Maslow’s theory, but also suggested that individuals were motivated to move forward and backward through the levels in terms of motivators. He reduced Maslow’s levels from five to the following three:
■ Existence—which related to Maslow’s first two needs, thus combining the physiological and safety needs into one level;
■ Relatedness—which
Attempting to explain human motivations Abraham Maslow suggested that there was a hierarchy of needs, according to module 9.2 (n.d.) they are an ascending order from basic survival to more complex needs of self-fulfillment (para 17). While Maslow felt that very few people achieved the highest level of self-actualization he did suggest that it was a lifelong ongoing process. As an example, in my own life I have already achieved the first step of physiological motivation or needs of the flesh
Maslow, A.H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review 50, 370-96—this article details the five basic needs. We are beings of want and in all of our wants we are partially satisfied and partially unsatisfied. The article discusses motivations for behavior and how Maslow’s hierarchy plays a part in these motivations.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, a psychological theory generally represented by a five tier model or pyramid, details the different human necessities, organized by levels. In order to reach a level, one must first attain the previous one. The pyramid’s base consists of basic needs such as food, water, and safety. The next row is psychological needs, including friendships and the feeling of accomplishment. The apex of the diagram is the important need of self-fulfillment. The Oxford dictionary defines fulfillment as “satisfaction or happiness as a result of fully developing one's potential.” According to an article written by Karl Moore, Millennials have been seeking jobs that provide fulfillment over a higher salary. This shows how the human race has advanced to the top level of Maslow’s pyramid and are already seeking fulfillment.
Abraham Maslow created a hierarchy of needs that needs to be followed in process towards self actualisation, this is called Maslow’s triangle.
As many psychologists know, Maslow came up with his hierarchy of needs to help explain human behavior. Maslow believed that lower needs had to be met before higher needs, so as people grow, they move up on the scale and move down when needs are not met. Throughout our lives we go up and down these stages, although most people never achieve self-actualization, the last of the needs.
My motivation factors are extrinsic and intrinsic. Not only do I wish to obtain exceptional grades and receive a bachelor's degree, I also wish to learn and challenge myself. I agree with most if not all, of what Daniel Pink stated. What is most important to me is possessing autonomy over my time and with whom I spend it, however, there is still work to be performed in that area. I enjoy managing how my time is spent, which is one of the reasons my classes are online. Additionally, I prefer to be graded on my own efforts, rather than as a group. However, group or team projects, can reduce the workload, while multiplying success. Not to mention the diversity and brainstorming benefits. As for mastery, I am not quite there yet, since I am a work in progress. In reference to purpose, I do agree that we should work for something lager than ourselves. Meaning, the work I will engage in upon graduation, is not only for the betterment of myself, it is
* The Content theories demonstrate why individuals have different needs in different point in time and it explains the factors that motivate the individuals. A Maslow, an American psychologist has developed the “Hierarchy of Needs” theory to explain why individuals’ needs are changing. The “Hierarchy of Needs” is represented as a pyramid identifying 5 levels of the humans’ needs from the physiological needs at the bottom (hunger, thirst…) to the self actualization (morality, creativity, self development…). This theory suggests that once individuals have fulfilled the needs at the bottom, they become motivated to fulfill higher level needs.
Abraham Maslow authored the Hierarchy of Needs theory, stating that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower needs have to be satisfied before higher needs can be attended to. It is debatable that needs fulfillment occurs in as linear a fashion as Maslow presents (or that Maslows needs structure is entirely accurate), but you can decide that for yourself. Also, higher needs tend to be more complex and vague in what qualifies as need satisfaction. The following results are listed
Many times a friend or family will provide a sense of belongingness. This will help the
Motivation is an initiative behaviour that provides guidance and goal orientation. Motivation can be divided into two types, extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation (Ryan 2016). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory can be used clearly to identify the issue of motivation to affect individual’s behaviour. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory is divided in to five stages consisting of Physiological needs, Safety needs, Social needs also refers to basic needs, growth needs are refer to as Esteem needs and Self-Actualization. “Maslow (1943) stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs. When need is fulfilled a person seeks to fulfil the next one, and so on” (McLeod 2007). Basic needs must be satisfy before moving to a higher level which is growth needs and once growth needs is satisfy, one would be able to achieve self-actualization at the top.
An American psychologist, Abraham Maslow, became widely known for developing a theory of psychological health. With this in mind, his research discovered people tend to motivate around the ability to achieve certain needs for reaching a level of fulfillment in their lives. Maslow’s concept, known as the hierarchy of needs, brought into prominence the notion of self-actualization introduced some years earlier by Kurt Goldstein. Self-actualization evolves from the achievement of an individual’s full potential accomplished by passing through all the levels of the hierarchy to its zenith. And while many psychological theories tend to take on aberrational qualities, this one appears quite rational and stands the test of time. In fact, its
Maslow’s theory provides review of human needs. His model takes into consideration the need of satisfaction.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs was one of the first theories used to describe motivation. The theory is described through a pyramid with six levels. In order to move on to the next level in the pyramid the level below needs to be completely satisfied. These five levels in order are physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness
What are motivational theories, and how can these theories help to motivate individuals within the workplace. Motivational theories were designed to drive people to be motivated, to meet company goals; and expectation within the organization. One of those theories is the hierarchy of needs, the second is hunters intrinsic/extrinsic theory; both theories would be beneficial in Bill Lawrence’s actions while helping him to become more motivation, self-sufficient; and accountable. While everyone has some form of need from time to time, some people also need some form of motivation; the usage of these motivational theories will help in meeting those expectations. So, what is a need and what is a motivation, “a need, in effect gives a
Maslow’s ‘hierarchy of needs’ theory laid a special emphasis of dividing different desires into different levels in a form of a pyramid. To reach higher level on the hierarchy pyramid, one must complete the previous level on pyramid. The lowest level focus on basic desires like that of food, shelter etc. Whereas, higher levels focus more on ‘self-actualization needs’ of the person as one try to realize personal experiences, goals and self -fulfilment of the goals.(Maslow,1954:92) This makes