Motivational Theories Of Increase Employees ' Productivity, Efficiency, Performance, And Capacity

If we look at Maslow Hierarchy needs, he looks at human needs he believed that love and belonging are very important to our self- esteem. If these needs are not met we may not meet self- actualization. (Milliken & Honeycutt)

With these few thoughts in mind Abraham Maslow made up a hierarchy of needs. (Boeree, Page 2) The hierarchy of needs has five levels: the bottom one is Physiological Needs, the next one up is Safety needs, the next one is Belonging needs, the next one is Esteem Needs and finally the last one is Self-actualization needs. As Maslow thought he “saw human beings needs arranged like a ladder”, the most basic needs at the bottom and at the top the need to fulfill yourself. (pbs.org, Page 1) Below is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

Abraham Maslow’s theory, Theory of Hierarchy Needs, is a motivational theory in psychology that has a tier model of the five things a human needs. Maslow stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs and that some needs take precedence over others. The five stages, from bottom to top, include Physiological needs( food, water, warmth, and rest), the second stage: Safety Needs ( security and safety), third stage: Belongingness and love needs ( intimate relationships and friends), the fourth stage: Esteem Needs (prestige and feeling of accomplishment), and finally the last stage: Self-actualization ( achieving one’s full potential, including creative potential). The five stage model can be divided into

Self-concept consists of three elements: self-image, refers to how we see our self, self-esteem refers to the value we place on our self and ideal-self refers to the way we’d like to be. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a theory based on human motivation to meet our needs with the emphasis on self-actualisation. Often represented by a pyramid divided into eight levels, the four lower relating to deficiency needs and the higher four relating to growth needs. In order to meet the higher needs lower needs must be satisfied.

As stated further by Maslow, there are five levels in the need hierarchy, which are physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization and they are very often of unconscious nature and can be at certain times reserved. Unfortunately, there are not too many who are capable of reaching self-actualization and the ones who will are very creative and acknowledge the world very accurately. An individual however is always aware of the fact that he or she has possesses a choice and therefore he or she has the ability to influence their behavior and personality at anytime (Cloninger, 2008).

Intrinsic motivation is comprised of the internal rewards a person perceives from taking an action (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2013). Thomas’s building blocks for summoning intrinsic motivation are “Choice,” Competence,” “Meaningfulness,” and “Progress” (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2013, p. 252).

Abraham Maslow, an American psychologist and a founder of humanistic psychology who developed the Hierarchy of needs. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a description of the needs that motivate human behaviour. In 1943, Abraham Maslow proposed five different kinds of human needs, beginning with the most basic: survival. Physiological needs, such as food and shelter, are followed by needs related to safety. Next, there are needs of love and belonging. Fourth, humans have needs of esteem, such as the need for being respected. The final need in the hierarchy is the need for self-actualization (fulfilling one's potential). The hierarchy suggests that basic needs must be met prior to less basic needs; for example, a starving person will seek food before self-actualization.

Equity is the individual which compare the other individual in the organization of what the other do. Employees determine what their equitable return should be after comparing their inputs and outcomes with those of their co-workers. This concept is referred to as "social comparison". (Adams J.S, 1965).

Therefore unless a person’s basic needs is met, they can not reach the higher levels in Maslow’s Hierarchy. Maslow’s Hierarchy consists of 6 levels. At the bottom is Physiological Needs, which represent the desire for the most basic needs for survival including food and water. The second from the bottom is Safety Needs, which is the need to feel safe and secure it one’s environment. The third lowest Belongingness and Love Needs which is the desire to form positive connections with others, including friendship, family, and romantic relationships. On the higher half of the hierarchy, the third highest is Esteem Needs, which is the ability to achieve and compete with others, while gaining recognition from the people around them. The second highest is Self Actualization, to be able to reach our potential of being complex being including the ability to think more complexly, have creativity and being able to problem solve. Lastly, on the highest level is Self Transcendental Needs, exceeding beyond one’s self and instead of focusing solely on oneselves, to have a duty towards others as well, and to learn

By this theory, the individuals have their own goals and their desirability of the outcome determines their motivation. Each time the worker makes a choice, whether to do, or not to do and this implies that management should encourage the workers to work not only with financial but also non-financial rewards. The Expectancy theory is based on three key elements (Brian Francis Redmond):

The expectancy theory states that people choose how to behave based on the desired outcome they expect from their conduct. The theory suggests that motivation is directly related to an individual’s performance and output, and hence, people tend to change their conduct based on their expected outcome. Understanding what the employees want helps them improve their willingness to perform and managers can effectively run motivational programs. The expectation theory provides organizational management with the focus on concrete tasks that better the employees’ coordination.

We are probably all familiar with Abraham Maslow 's Theory of Hierarchical Needs; Psychological Needs, Safety Needs, Belongingness and Love Needs, Esteem Needs, Need to Know and Understand, Aesthetic Needs, and Self-Actualization Needs. And we probably all remember that according to Maslow 's theory, needs that are in the lower hierarchy must be at least partially met before a person will try to satisfy higher-level needs. Although ultimately our goal is to aid students in self-actualizing or becoming "all that one can be," they must first achieve the level of Need to Know and Understand.

4. 3 Major Types of Motivation Theories  Content Theories of Motivation WHAT motivates us  Process

Management’s failure to achieve equity could be costly for the organization. For example: One of my technically team members was not very competent. He took double the time to complete any give work when compared to the others. Management failed to take any action; instead the others were given more work. Eventually, even the competent workers took it

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: This theory shows that humans are motivated by a series of needs which are in an hierarchical order, i.e.