Mouse Body

To setup a repetitive concussive model that replicate the important features of the injury in humans as closely as possible, post-concussion symptoms are expected. Post-concussion symptoms generally include somatic symptoms, sleep disturbance, and emotional and cognitive symptoms. Since somatic symptoms such as headache, nausea, and dizziness may not be ready to be measured in animal models, the changes of motor function, cognitive function, and emotional behavior are used as criteria for rationally evaluating animal models of concussion. In a previous reported study, this rCHI mouse model induces spatial learning and memory impairments as well as anxiety-like behavior, which resemble those observed in human mTBI patients [8]. More importantly,

A recent study in mice shows that the time it takes to recover from a concussion, or brain

“The Mouse” is a short story written by H.H Munro. The main characters are Theodoric, the mouse, and the blind lady. The author Munro writes the story in third person and uses an omniscient view. The setting of the story takes part in the vicarage, the stable, and the ends in train compartment. The tone used by the author to engage his readers is an exciting, thrilling fast paced tone that bring the characters to life. To strengthen the thrilling exciting tone, the author uses phrases such as: “he was not even alone in his own clothes. “A warm, creeping movement over his flesh betrayed the unwelcome and highly resented presence, unseen but poignant, of a strayed mouse.” After reading the quote above, I as the reader was drawn into the

Our laboratory has developed the mucosal MmuPV1 infection mouse model recently and noninvasive methods to track the infection from oral and anogenital canals longitudinally [14]. Our long term goal is to use this model to explore many unanswered questions regarding viral-host interaction during papillomavirus infection. Innate immunity, a critical part of host defense system, is not only the first line of defense against pathogens, but is also critical for stimulating adaptive immune responses in viral infection [15-22]. Other host defense factors including interferons, Toll-like receptors, cytokines and defensins all play an important role in papillomavirus persistence and progression [23-31]. However, some findings in human studies are inconsistent

This was regulated for 10 minutes which was actuated by putting the mouse in a slender space in a vinyl sack with breathing holes; this test was performed once per day for four days. Histone deacetylase sodium butyrate and valporic acid, selective CB1 agonist ACPA, and selective CB1 opponent SR was directed for 30 minutes before every nicotine and immobilization stress treatment. The control group did not get any medication or stressor treatment, a mixed solution of DMSO and distilled water was infused and in addition saline as opposed to the nicotine, immobilization stress and CB1 treatments. Anxiety related behaviors were analyzed in the elevated plus maze test which utilizes a cardboard contraption that comprised of two inverse open arms and two encased arms. The assessments of the parameters were performed at the 2 hour time point after the last nicotine and immobilization stress treatment. Depression related behaviors were inspected in the forced swimming testing which utilized a glass cylinder apparatus containing water at 21-23°C with an infrared sensor set over the

When animals are experimented upon the effects of captivity and lab conditions can be profound on animals. The subjects are often confined to areas that are smaller than what they would be used to if left in their natural habitat. This doesn’t allow them to travel as they would naturally in the wild. These animals don’t get the exercise that they need. Many animals are also taken away from their mothers a lot earlier than they would naturally leave their moms in the wild. When animals are taken earlier from their mothers than they should be, it often results in destructive behaviors and adverse effects on the brains of the animals. Lab mice are usually taken away from their mothers early. These mice become very aggressive as they grow up and

40 rats in total were tested to do this experiment, 20 were castrated and 20 were intact. An additional 20 rats were added to the experiment that were not tested, 10 of which were castrated and 10 were intact. The research began 2 weeks after 30 rats in total had their orchiectomy. The rats were put into a labyrinth that associated mental stress with food-obtaining. The rats were not fed for 23 hours, but received food for 1 hour after the scientists were done studying them in the maze, and had unlimited access to water. The maze was made of organic glass and was split into 12 different zones, and was lit with a 60W lamp. Random locomotor behaviour was studied thoroughly for 10 minutes at the beginning of each experiment. All testing was done individually. The rats had to figure out the pattern for obtaining their food from 2 of 4 feeders in the maze within 13 minutes. The behaviour of the rats was able to be recorded by watching their inherent reactions. Behaviour was recorded into classes of passive (sitting, whining) and active (jumps,

54 adult male and female Wistar rats (123.4 ± 3.9 gr) were used in this study. The protocol of experiment was approved by Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Ethics Committee.

25 million mice, alone out of 100 million animals, are used for testing annually. Animal testing is extremely harmful to different types of species. The Animal Welfare Act is a helpful way to begin to stop the testing. This act was signed as a federal law in 1966, this does not cover every animal used for different activities like farm animals used for fiber or for food and more (“Welfare”, 2017). Animals should not be used for human purposes. Animal Testing should be banned because this is a gigantic problem, animals become harmed in the worst way possible, and there are different ways to stop animal testing like donating to charities.

Animal testing is essential for developing lifesaving treatments. Due to experiments on animals we have treatments for diabetics, tuberculosis, breast cancer, malaria and brain injuries. Immunizations against mumps, polio, and hepatitis has saved a countless number of lives thanks to the discovery of new drugs. Roughly ninety-five percent of all lab animals are special-bred mice and rats. The balance of animals that are tested on is rabbits, guinea pigs, sheep, pigs, and fruit flies. Rodents are considered the number one choice for modern medical researchers because they have a short life span. They choose animals that have a life span of two to three years because that allows the scientists to observe what happens during the “fast forward” stage. Six out of the eight major discoveries were recognized with Nobel Prizes, some of which involve the bone-marrow transplant, cloning of genes, and the detection of proto-oncogenes in normal DNA. The essential need for animal research and observation is supported by health agencies and medical associations around the world.

In the current study, 40 Long-Evans male rats will be assessed in the back-test at approximately 23 and 30 days of age to determine the coping profile of each individual rat. After profiling is completed, 24 rats with the most representative coping profiles will be identified yielding three groups: 8 active copers, 8 passive copers, and 8 flexible copers. In week two, the rats will be trained to perform attentional set shifting tasks (AST) which requires them to dig for a food reward (fruit loops). The rats will have to discriminate between specific salient variables such odors and digging mediums to successfully complete the trial and obtain their food reward. The rats will progress from simple discrimination AST (e.g., from one smell to another)

Romantic poetry demonstrates a focus on nature and simplicity by displaying everyday life through the use of everyday language. “To a Mouse” by Robert Burns displays the common motif found in poetry at the time; the unity of man and nature. Poets of the Romantic time period believe that all of nature, even the smallest parts, is connected. “To a Mouse” portrays the use of iambic tetrameter and structural organization by using sequence of events with the main idea expressed in the last two stanzas. This poem displays the equality of man and nature, simplifies situations, and illustrates the natural instinct of living things to survive.

The mice were concealed in a wooden chamber, which was divided into three equal sections measuring three feet long, one foot wide, and one foot tall. The chambers were divided by two plastic panels, separating the left arm from the right. In intervals of five minutes, the mice would go through three test periods totaling fifteen minutes. These test periods are known as acclimation, social behavior, and social novelty. The acclimation period is the period in which the working mouse is introduced to the three- chambered box. For five minutes, the mouse is able to freely explore the three chambers. During the social behavior period, the working mouse continues to explore the box, while a second mouse known as the social mouse is introduced. The social mouse is encased in an enclosure on the right side of the enclosure. The final five minutes, a second mouse is added to the left arm in the period known as the social novelty. During this time, both social mice are encased on the right and left side of the box, while the working mouse is roaming the three-chambered box. During each period, the total of squares crossed in the left, right and the center was recorded. The total number of entries into the left and right arms was also recorded and counted. In all three test periods, latency was measured resulting in the number of times the mice entered the

In the poems Robert Burns’ “To a Mouse” and “The Mouse’s Petition” by Anna Letitia Barbauld, many feelings and emotions about mice are brought forth. While both poems were written by different authors, many of the feelings they share towards mice are common. The analysis of the two poems will help to find the comparisons and differences in theme, political and social issues, diction, and tone. Examples from the poems will help to show the similarities and differences in the two.

In 1786, Robert Burns published his first line of poetry “Poems: Chiefly in Scottish Dialect” which made him well-known with the poems of “To a Mouse”, and “To a Louse”. His techniques included writing six lines for each stanza. The rhyme scheme to these lines consist of AAABA giving the first, second, third, and fifth lines four pairs of stressed and unstressed syllables. What I mean by if you stress the first syllable, the subject will be totally different than an unstressed subject. In his poetry, the fourth and sixth lines are different from the other lines. These two lines consist of two pairs of stressed and unstressed syllables which is similar to a limerick or a ballad. This essay will be a compare and contrast of his two poems To a Mouse, and To a Louse and a breakdown of these stanzas.