Mscs, A Heterogeneous Members Of Stromal Stem Cells

Embryonic stem cells are found in human blastocysts (Marcovitz 17). A blastocyst is a very young embryo (just a few days old) that contains around 200 undifferentiated stem cells (Marcovitz 17). German Zoologist Valentin Hacker coined the term “stem cell” after he discovered them in a blastocyst of a crustacean (Marcovitz 18). Embryonic stem cells were collected for the first time in 1988 by Dr. James Thomson of University of Wisconsin and by Dr. John Gearheart of Johns Hopkins (Panno 76). These stem cells are unspecialized; they do not perform a specific function like cells such as muscle and nerve do (“Stem Cells”). They are also pluripotent, meaning they have the ability to divide and become specialized cells (“Stem Cells”). This is why stem cells hold so

The anti-apoptotic mutations related to cytochrome c are not the only mechanisms acquired by cells in the development of a tumor. Another important hallmark of cancer is the alteration of cellular metabolism, also known as the Warburg Effect, which demonstrates an increased rate of glycolysis despite the presence of oxygen in tumor cells (Hallmarks). Due to the unlimited and uncontrollable division by tumorigenic cells, the Warburg Effect confers growth advantages compared to non-proliferating cells because it promotes the uptake of glucose, it produces less reactive oxygen species (ROS), and it generates ATP more rapidly than oxidative phosphorylation, all of which are considered to facilitate rapid growth and survival (1).

Stem cells are cells within the body that have the ability to grow and reproduce repeatedly into any type of mature cell. They are unspecialized cells that divide through mitosis to produce more stem cells that replace cells in the system in which they are found. Stems cells make it possible for the body to renew and repair its damaged tissues. They are also vital in the development of human life. Stem cells are high potential cells, and this makes them a top focus in the biomedical research world. (Stem Cell Basics, 2009) This paper will discuss the background, function, and other aspects of stem cells.

Stem cells have the ability to develop into many different cell types in the human body, and are used as an internal repair system. By dividing itself, the stem cell can create two more cells that have the potential to either stay as a stem cell or evolve into another specialized cell such as a red blood cell, a brain cell, or a muscle cell.

Mesenchymal stem cells can be isolated from various sites, including bone marrow and adipose tissue (Ko et al., 2011).

They are plastic adherent in standard culture conditions, have fibroblast-like morphology and express CD13, CD29, CD44, CD54, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD166, Stro-1 and MHC-I and they lack the expression of CD11b CD14, CD19 CD31, CD34, CD45, CD79A, and HLA-DR [43, 44]. MSC must also retain their ability to differentiate into different mesenchymal cell lines that are chondroblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes. [44] MSC have high plasticity by being able to transdifferentiate into ectodermal and endodermal cells [26, 45]. They also express NANOG and Sox2 transcription factors which enables them to utilise self-renewal pathways similar to those in embryonic stem cells [46]. They also secrete growth factors, cytokines and chemokines and express Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2, 3, 4, 7 and 9 which allow them exert their different functions [43]. The aim of using MSC in IBD is to both repair the tissue damage caused by the disease and modify the immune response of

Through the successes of molecular biology in the last 30 more years, we now understand that oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes encode many cellular signal pathways that not only sustain cancer proliferation but also reprogram cancer energy metabolism to meet the biosynthetic challenge associated with the cancer cells growth and proliferation (Hanahan and Weinberg, 2011; Vander Heiden et al., 2009; Ward and Thompson, 2012a). Many signaling pathways including PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 and HIF are involved in cancer metabolic reprograming for cellular biosynthesis (Jones and Thompson, 2009; Ward and Thompson, 2012a, b). Furthermore, oncogenes and tumor suppressors have been found to be critical components of these metabolic

Immunotherapy is a form of medical treatment intended to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. This can be by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response. Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as activation immunotherapies, while those that reduce or suppress immune response are suppression immunotherapies. Active immunotherapy has been effective against agents that normally cause acute self-limiting infectious disease. However, a more effective immunotherapy for chronic infectious diseases or cancer requires the use of appropriate target antigens; the

Morphologically, MSCs culture at day 7 of isolation showed spindle-shaped cells (Fig. 1A). The flow cytometric analysis of the hUCB-MSCs culture revealed that the cells had a positive expression for anti-human CD105 (the mesenchymal stem cell surface marker) and a negative reaction for anti-human CD34 (a hematopoietic stem cell surface marker) (Fig. 1B). To confirm the homing of PKH26-labeled hUCB-MSCs, we used the fluorescence microscope where the MSCs appeared as red fluorescence inbetween acini and ducts (Fig. 1C and D). Furthermore, a positive reaction for anti-human CD105 was showed around acini and ducts (Fig. 1E). While, a negative reaction for

Adult or somatic stem cells are found inside of different types of tissue. These specific stem cells have been found in tissues such as the liver, blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, skin, and the brain. They continue in a non-dividing or inactive state for many years until activated by a disease or tissue injury.

After hUCB-MSCs injection in this study, we observed the apparently normal of acinar cells and striated ducts in H&E stained sections. In addition to, the increased proliferative cells and decreased apoptotic cells in the immunostained sections may suggest that MSCs can act through paracrine mechanisms via anti-apoptotic factors including; Cytokines 51, stanniocalcin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor 52 to mediate tissue repair and regeneration.

That being said, what are these stem cells? They are “developmentally primitive, undifferentiated cells that have the capacity to make new copies of themselves (self-renew) and to specialize (differentiate) into various other cell types, such as blood, muscle, and nerve cells” (Hyun 935). There are two types of stem cell groups, one the embryotic (the most controversial) and the other being the adult stem cells. Embryotic stem cells are taken from less then week old embryos from a fertility clinic during what is

Bone marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) are fibroblast-like cells. They are considered self-renewing, expandable, clonal precursors of nonhematopoietic tissues. BMSCs are present as a rare population of cells in bone marrow, representing 0.001–0.01%(93). They are characterized by combinations of cell surface markers and their ability to differentiate into bone, fat and cartilage, in-vitro(94). BMSCs can be safely expanded in vitro without being susceptible to malignant transformation, thus rendering these cells suitable for cell therapy approaches. These cells possess the ability to engraft at the site of injury and promote tissue regeneration and wound healing through synergistic downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and

We were also able to demonstrate their multilineage differentiation ability confirming their potency. We were also able to further determine that by targeting TGF-R signaling pathway which are responsible for apoptosis, apoptosis could be prevented in long term eMSCs cultures. Additionally, replication associated senescence was also mitigated. SUSD2 is a new cell surface marker. Recently, it was identified as a type I transmembrane protein with a large extracellular and a small transmembrane region (Sivasubramaniyan et al., 2013). However, little is known about how it is regulated. In our study we established decrease SUSD2 expression following eMSCs passaging which significantly increased following A83-01 treatment at RNA and protein level through qRT-PCR and flow cytometry analysis. Further, A83-01 blocked phosphorylation of intracellular SMAD2/3 protein indicating the activity of TGF- signaling in the . The most interesting inference we could make is that SUSD2 is regulated by TG-R signaling pathway, at least in eMSCs. In summary, eMSCs fate is regulated by TG-R signaling during culture. Small molecules such as A83-01 that promote eMSC proliferation in the undifferentiated state may provide an approach for the expansion of undifferentiated MSC for use in tissue engineering and cell-based therapies. Discovery of regulatory pathway for

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are fibroblast-like structural cells that are found in bone marrow, skeletal muscle, and other connective tissues. MSC derived from bone marrow (BM) have been shown to be self renewing and are capable of differentiation into a variety of stromal cell types including bone forming osteoblasts, fat storing adipocytes, and neurons. Another trait exhibited by BM-MSC is their supportive role in hematopoiesis (blood genesis). This behavior has been utilized to enhance efficacy of co-transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). BM-MSC are gathered using painful procedures in which penetrating bone to access the marrow. This article investigates the umbilical cord (UC) as a source of MSC and compares the cells gathered in this manner with BM-MSC.