Mucus: A Case Study

51) What activity does cell 1 undertake to contribute to the body's defense against injury and infection? phagocytosis of foreign materials

What are the uses of drugs used to treat lower respiratory tract disorders: sympathomimetics, anticholinergics, inhaled steroids, lung surfactants, and mast cell stabilizers?

IgA – antibodies that are secreted across mucus layer to prevent microbes from penetrating cell bodies

These droplets enter the nasal cavity of a second host where small hairs and a mucus membrane are present. They trap microbes before they can penetrate further into the body; however some microbes evade capture and continue into the lower respiratory tract. The respiratory tract, consisting of mucus and ciliated epithelial cells, catches more foreign particles and sweeps them up and out towards the pharynx (see Figure 1), where it is swallowed in to the stomach. The gut flora within the stomach secretes chemicals such as lactic acid which lower the pH,

You have a patient who has been on a ventilator for 3 weeks. What should be you highest assessment priority that needs to be obtained before beginning the weaning process?

6. Large intestine In the large intestine, mucus is secreted to aid the transportation of chyme through the cecum, ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon. The water and salts are also absorbed as shown by the paper towel in the simulation, and this results in the chyme being converted into feces. 7.

The mucosal surfaces that line the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts are sites of information and material exchange between the environment and the body. These mucus-covered surfaces provide a physical barrier to infection and contain approximately 75% of the body’s total lymphocytes and large numbers of commensal microbes. The mucosae prevent pathogen entry, however these thin, permeable surfaces remain particularly vulnerable to infection. (1)

For example, the hagfish, which is a marine fish, produces an immense amount of slime in order to defend itself against predators (Kwok, “Secrets of Slimes”). The thing that a lot of individuals don’t notice is that we humans produce our own type of ‘slime’. The ooze that we produce is the bodily fluid that drips out of our nose when we have a cold, or the slimy goo we cough up when sick enough. Why do we produce this? The reason our body does this is because the mucus helps fight the bacterias and viruses that could make us sick or even kill us. Within our bodies, mucus is lined with our mouth, nose, throat, lungs, sinuses, digestive system, and many other areas. In an article regarding this, the author mentions that when we breathe, bacteria and viruses enter our system and stick to the mucus in our lungs (Kwok, “Secrets of Slime”). When we suffer from a cold, our body reacts by generating more mucus to help fight the infection, which is visibly seen through out of a person’s

The average small-intestine:colon length ratio is 2.5 (Treuting and Dintzis, 2012), and the surface ratio of small intestine:colon is 18 (Casteleyn et al., 2010). The intestine of a normal conventional mouse harbours billions of commensal bacteria that are attached in the lumen and mucus protecting the underlying epithelium. (Johansson, 2015) The mucus layer of the large intestine serves as a barrier between bacteria and the mucosa which is organized in two layers, an inner, sterile mucus layer that is firmly attached to the epithelial cells and an outer, non-attached layer that forms a natural habitat for indigenous intestinal bacteria. (Johansson, 2010; Li, 2015; Pelaseyed, 2015) However, the structure of mucus differs between the small and large intestine depending on the composition of microbiota in each region. (Johansson, 2015) Mucus is made up of glycoprotein that is produced by intestinal goblet cells (Deplancke 2001). In conventional mice, these cells are mostly abundant in the proximal colon, which gradually decrease in number in the distal colon and rectum. (Nguyen, 2015) In GF mice, it has been reported that there are fewer and smaller goblet cells in

Two pt verifier name and dob. Pt states that he was seen and tx in the clinic on yesterday for sinus infection and cold/flu like symptoms. Pt staes that he still feels "horrible" and he has a 102 temp. Pt denies n/v/d and states that he is tolerating food and liquids Pt denies new onset of symptoms.Ptwas informed that he is placed on an addtional 48hour of quarters, rest, hydrated, and take medications as directed to tx sinus infection, fever, and cold like symptoms. Pt was instructed if he symptoms do not improve within the next 48hours please go to the UC/ER. Pt agrees and verbalized

The first line of defense against any pathogens is provided by the anatomical and the physiological barriers. These barriers includes low stomach pH, saliva, intact skin, bacteriolytic lysosome in tears, vigouros mucocilliary clearance mechanism and other secretions. The chances of infections by pathogens increases as in case of severe cutaneous burns or in condition such as primary cilliary dyskinesia. In these conditions, we can see that both the innate as well as adaptive immune systems are unable to provide the same level of protection as the body’s anatomical and physiological barriers do.

Tight junctions function as barriers in epithelial cells through the formation of protein complexes between neighboring cells. Made up of three transmembrane protein families including the occludin proteins, the claudin proteins, and the junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs), tight junctions are able to maintain the distinction between the apical and basolateral regions of the cell as well as maintain the endothelial and epithelial cell sheet barrier. Tight junctions are found to work based on properties such as size selectivity, ion permeability, concentration gradients, sensitivity to pH, and other transport mechanisms (Tang and Goodenough, 2003). This becomes important when recognizing that tight junctions work to prevent molecules from permeating the epithelial sheet and transport them through a paracellular pathway. Permeation of pathogenic bacteria may cause disruption of tight junctions which plainly leads to malfunction of the epithelium which serves to absorb food and water and protect the body against foreign antigens. Since the discovery that disruption could occur due to reception of certain bacteria such as enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli, much research has been done on the bacterial disruption and effects on tight junctions due to the perceived relationship that some pathogens cause symptoms such as diarrhea that are due to various

This is 24 year old white female. Patient reports anbormal vaginal discharge and order for the past 2 months. Patient states someone incerted tempon in her vaginal cannal and she wasn't aware of it for 2 months. Whe she finally removed it in december, the tempon, it looked like it was rotted. Since than she has noticed increased in vaginal order and

    The article, The evidence and rationale for the use of honey as a wound dressing focuses on the evidence and explanation as to the effectiveness of the bioactivites in honey that support and promote wound healing. This study concluded that honey showed tremendous value in wound healing. Honey has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity specifically to gram positive and gram negative species, anaerobes, and aerobes. It showed an amazing effectiveness against bacteria that is considered to be antibiotic resistant such as MRSA, pseudomonas, staphylococci, and a number of others. The study also concluded that over an extended period of time, antibiotic resistant bacteria did not develop a resistance to the antibacterial effects of honey. In fact, honey was effective against bacteria that had been shown resistance to other antibiotics and silver wound dressings.

The molluscs comprises of the large phylum of invertebrates known as Mollusca. They are the largest marine phylum and make up approximately 23% of all marine organisms. According to Tripp (1960), molluscs possess a very effective immune system. This immune system is extremely important as it has an immediate defense against infections and microorganisms that invade its body. There are three cellular reactions that are used during internal defense in the molluscs namely; phagocytosis, nodule formation, and encapsulation. Encapsulation or nodule formation is used to handle large invaders while smaller ones are tackled by phagocytosis. Studies have shown that encapsulation is mostly used during an invasion by pathogens. Hemocytes, which replace blood in invertebrates, also have an important function in destroying these pathogens.