Mudharabah

First and foremost, economic and trade structure which was created in fossil fuel energy resources, and the development of renewable resources produce a major obstacle. The brown and black coal makes that Australia has a stable and cheep electric power since the coal has an abundant cheap supply. (Effendi and Courvisanos, 2011) Because the output of emissions-intensive industries is the high demand overseas, it become a major revenue source of the contributor and the government. Effendi and Courvisanos, (2011) All of this leads fossil fuel electricity generation industry to be a traditional property. It is important to appreciate that this engenders structural inertia and amplifies other barriers such as lack of financial

“What is the definition of this word? What about this one? How do you pronounce this?” The 7-year-old girl would not stop asking questions about what she called “weird squares and circles.”

Many industrial units are either shutting down their operations or running on their own energy generation. This situation is seriously affecting our competitiveness in the international market. The energy crisis is going to worsen in the coming years due to an increase in the demand and a rather slow improvement in the supply. The power shortage, during the current year is likely to hit 5000 MW during the peak hours and the situation is not going to improve unless some long-run corrective measures are taken immediately. It is anticipated that the overall energy requirement of Pakistan will be about 100 million tons of oil equivalents (MTOE) in 2015. The development of water resources would resolve the problem in the long run but in the short term, there was a limit to constructing costly thermal power projects given their high economic costs. A major shortfall is already there in natural gas supplies, as an official energy demand forecast indicates that the demand for natural gas, which makes up about 50% of Pakistan 's energy consumption, would increase by 44%, i.e. 39 MTOE from 27 MTOE currently.

new type of energy company by making use of the master limited partnership (MLP) financial

Even after the project had been shelved in 1990, lobbying by its proponents continued, particularly by the Sarawak government, which urged the federal government to revive the project. Finally, in September 1993, the Malaysian cabinet approved construction of the Bakun Dam. In reviving the project, Malaysia's need for power was most often invoked as justification. By 1993 the Malaysian economy was growing by more than 8 percent per year, with electricity demand expanding even faster. The Borneo Bulletin affirms that blackouts in 1992 and 1993, and a predicted doubling of demand by 2000, were indications of a power crisis, justifying extraordinary efforts to expand supply. Project proponents also believed the Bakun Dam could help reduce dependence on fossil fuels, especially oil. Most evident however, was that this project was consistent with an energy policy relying almost entirely on supply. In Harun's argument, he referred to the quote from environmentalist Gurmit Singh (1995) to prove his theory: "The concept of energy conservation and certainly its implementation is virtually absent in Malaysia." This is why Malaysia needs to complete the dam, to enhance its economic and environmental status on the worldwide scale.

As per the recent laws coal power plants have to reduce their carbon emissions or would have to face a closure in US. The client, GST/PEPPL, has developed a technology which can be installed to the coal power plants to reduce the carbon emissions well below the required emission levels. This technology not only helps to reduce the emissions but also produce byproducts such as carbon black, activated carbon and carbon credits that can be used by coal power plant as source of revenue when sold in the market. Although, technically the GST/PEPPL technology is the one of the best solution for current emission problem at present, however client wanted to understand how GST/PEPPL can show coal power plant companies the financial benefit of using this technology. This is when the client approached the UIOWA MBA consultant group to develop a flexible, free cash flow, forecast model that helps the end user (coal power plant) to determine if the GST/PEPPL technology would add value to the plant. We developed this model to help coal power plant determine the forecasted cash flow to shareholders via three financing option for technology. By evaluating these options: technology purchase, long-term lease, or coal markup agreement, as well as the sensitivity for these options, end user could determine if the technology is financially viable for them. Further, client also wanted to see if this technology is financially feasible without the sale of byproducts. The important

Murabaha is an Islamic home financing sale contract. The customer promises to purchase the house from the bank on an agreed mark-up price if the bank purchase the house in Murabaha contract. Besides that, Murabaha sales contract can only execute when the initial price of the house can be determined. In addition, one of the most important mechanisms of Murabaha contract is the cost of the house and profit incurred need to be mentioned clearly and truthfully to the customer.

Energy policy and plans are laid out with two kinds of objectives viz. Means objectives and Final objectives. The final objectives are ultimate goals of reducing the negative impacts of climate change and creating a sustainable human environment that is progressive. The means objectives are intermediate steps laid out to achieve the final objective. There are three means objectives laid out by MacKay that are commonly accepted viz. Environment/Safety (human dimension), Energy security and Economic development. The Environment/Safety involves factors such as Green House Gases (GHG’s), NOx, SOx, ash, Hg, volatile organic compounds (VOC’s), Particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), Thermal shock, radioactive waste, land use, etc. Energy security

Although Malaysia uses eight primary power supplies in both non renewable and renewable energy sources, this paper will specifically discuss about Oil and Gas sector solely

Gas is an energy future of Indonesia. It is a fact that cannot be denied anymore. Based on existing data, throughout 2010 there were new discoveries of gas reserves are significant enough to achieve 2.09 trillion cubic feet, while the discovery of oil only amounted to 140 million barrels only. On January 1, 2011, proved reserves position and potential of gas in Indonesia reached 153.72 trillion cubic feet of proven and potential reserves and crude oil for 7.41 billion Barrels. (BPMIGAS Bulletin Issue, 2011)

Prepared by: Rashed Hossain ID: 092011001 Concentration: Finance School of Business University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh (ULAB)

- the whole supplementary to the 5 essential values & they refer to interests whose neglect leads to hardship in the life of the community although not to its collapse. Thus in the area of ibadat the concessions that the Shariah has granted to the sick & to the traveler not to observe the fast, & shorten the solat, are aimed a preventing hardship.

Energy policies in Malaysia are controlled by the government and the main source of energy in Malaysia based on oil. In 1970, Malaysia government need to control the search another source such as coal or natural gas due to energy crisis and. The oil becomes falling significantly and the government need to build more infrastructures to increase energy source and deal with air pollution and climate change. To manage more demand in electricity, National Electricity Board (NEB) was founded. Oil was discover at the Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia shore and founded the National Petroleum Policy with the objective to ensure efficient, secure and environment sustainable supplies of energy and it was further improved over the years. Malaysia founded PETRONAS and Tenaga Nasional

According to BP Energy Outlook, by 2035 overall energy production in Asia pacific will increase by 52% while energy consumption increase by 60% which cause net energy import rise by 88%. With the escalating environmental issue and slow development of renewable energy, development of gas fields in the region is important. However, this will be challenging as many of the fields in the region are associated with high content of CO2 (15% - 80%). The FIGURE shows the location of the fields (Burgers, et al. 2011). Among them, there are East Natuna Field (40 TCF methane; 71% CO2), K5 Field (13.2 TCF; 70% CO2), and Kuala Langsa (10 TCF; 80% CO2). At present time, development of those fields becomes the priority of Indonesia’s and Malaysia’s governments to meet the forthcoming increase of domestic gas demand (FIGURE) and maintain their export to the regional market especially China, Japan, and South Korea. FIGURE shows the projection of regional gas demand and FIGURE shows LNG export destination from both countries.

ANG kasalanan ay isang bagay na kinapopootan ng mga Kristiyano—isang pagkabigong maabot ang matutuwid na pamantayan ni Jehova. (Hebreo 1:9) Nakalulungkot, lahat tayo ay nagkakasala sa pana-panahon. Lahat tayo ay nakikipagpunyagi sa minanang kahinaan at di-kasakdalan. Subalit kadalasan, kung ipahahayag natin ang ating mga kasalanan kay Jehova at taimtim na sisikaping huwag nang ulitin ang mga ito, makalalapit tayo sa kaniya taglay ang malinis na budhi. (Roma 7:21-24; 1 Juan 1:8, 9; 2:1, 2) Pinasasalamatan natin si Jehova na, salig sa haing pantubos, tinatanggap ang ating sagradong paglilingkod sa kabila ng ating mga kahinaan.