Multilayer Structure Of Phospholipids

Niosomes can alter the metabolism; prolong circulation and half life of the drug, thus decrease the side effects of antineoplastic drugs. Niosomally entrapped methotrexate and doxorubicin showed beneficial effects over the free drug, such as decreased rate of proliferation of the tumor and higher plasma levels accompanied by slower elimination (9).

The structural features of ECL2 and high lipophilicity of TAK-875 (which shows approximately 380-fold preference for lipophilic phase over aqueous phase) suggest that TAK-875 most probably enters the binding pocket of hGPR40 through the lipid bilayer14.

Many molecules, particularly peptides and polypeptides are physically embedded in polymers to create a complex network of interconnecting pores through which the drug could subsequently diffuse. The pore structure and polymer composition is controlled in order to design systems that release the drug at nearly any rate and for nearly

Nanocarriers (NCs) have emerged as a favored drug delivery approach towards improving the anticancer benefits of several bioactives for cancer therapy with recent reports showing the application of NC systems in clinical settings [18]. The NCs with size < 100 nm have been associated with enhanced permeation and retention effect (EPR) due to the presence of leaky vasculature in the tumor tissues which contributes to its enhanced efficacy. Also recently, NCs have shown to be effective in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma [19]. A recent study by Kanai et al. showed that the NC albumin-bound paclitaxel and carboplatin (nabPC) repetitively achieved tumor regression in malignant mesothelioma

Vesicles are spherical aggregates composed by amphiphilic compounds where the lipid bilayer surrounds an aqueous void volume, which can be “loaded” with almost any variety of water soluble marker molecules. Therefore, the vesicles may contain both lipophilic and water-soluble substances. Phospholipids form vesicles being also the fundamental matrix of natural membranes and represent the environment in which many proteins and enzymes display their activity [1, 2]. Moreover, phospholipids present advantages over synthetic materials including lack of toxicity, biodegradability and biocompatibility. Consequently, vesicles are utilized as versatile carriers in the fields of medical, therapeutic and analytical applications [1-4]. Several strategies

Example-2: Nelfinavir-PLGA NPs were prepared by nanoprecipitation method. Drug:polymer weight ratio was varied from 1:1 to 1:5 and particle size, encapsulation efficiency and drug loading were measured. Among the drug:polymer weight ratios prepared, 1:4 ratio was chosen as optimal. NPs found to exhibit sustained drug release up to 24 h and there was a 4.94-fold increase in relative bioavailability compared to pure drug (Venkatesh et al. 2015).

The Viscosity is optimum for 1.5% carbopol concentration since it has good flow and consistency unlike the 1% and the 2%, these both have either less or more viscosity compared to the optimum 1.5% carbopol. Viscosity of the optimized gel was found to have a range of 754-1350cp. Among which 1.5% concentration of carbopol gave good results of 1290±7cp. Determination of viscosity of gel matrix, is important as it assists in evaluating the penetration across the skin by controlling the release of the drug into the receptor medium. The same trend was observed by Lin et al., (2014) on the viscosity of apigenin ethosomes formulation [25].

Cholesterol is usually misunderstood in the general population. Cholesterol is not dangerous in itself but rather the accumulation of lipoproteins is the concern. Dietary lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol esters cholesteryl esters and fat-soluble vitamins. These nutrients require special types of biochemical machinery to facilitate their assimilation and distribution within the body. The biochemical apparatus used includes bile salts, apolipoproteins, serum albumin, and vitamin binding proteins. Lipoproteins are large enough to be called particles. A particle can be defines as a piece of matter that when suspended in fluid or gas it scatters light or appears cloudy (Brody, 1995). Lipoproteins are assembled in the small

(2015). Immunosuppressive nano-therapeutic micelles downregulate endothelial cell inflammation and immunogenicity. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015, 5, 43552-43562.

In this study, published in the scientific journal Advanced Materials, Quanyin Hu has created a better way to administer doxorubicin and TRAIL, two anticancer drugs. By using platelets, part of the blood that aids in clotting, to mask the foreign drugs from the body's defense system, these bioengineers caused the drugs to stay in the body for a longer amount of time when compared to the amount of time non-platelet covered anticancer drugs stayed in the body. The results of this experiment showed that platelet covered anticancer drugs stayed in the body longer than the same anticancer drugs surrounded by a nano-gel system. In this experiment, the dependent variable was the amount of time the anticancer drugs stayed in the body of a mouse.

Docetaxel is a member of taxan family (antineoplastic agents) which exert their cytotoxic effects on microtubules [1]. It inhibits the disassembly of tubulin leading to inhibited cell division and cell death [2, 3]. Docetaxel has demonstrated antitumor activity in the treatment of patients with various cancer types [3]. Due to insolubility of the drug in water, a mixture of ethanol and tween 80 (polysorbate 80) has been used in the commercial docetaxel formulation (taxoter®) to enhance the solubility [4]. There are issues associated with the medication, which are believed to be attributed to the formulation ingredients (ethanol/tween 80). These issues include hypersensitivity reactions, lower uptake by tumour tissue, and higher exposure of other body compartments to the drug [5, 6]. Meanwhile, alternate drug delivery systems have been invented to circumvent problems accompanied with docetaxel pharmacotherapy [7, 8] and make desirable alterations in the pharmacokinetic characteristics that could potentially enhance pharmacodynamic outcomes [9].

Chemoembolization using drug eluting microspheres (DEM TACE) was developed to prolong the release of chemotherapeutic agent within the tumor in a prolonged and slow manner. Microspheres (HepaSphere™ Microspheres) 30-60 μmare able to absorb chemotherapeutic agent (Irinotecan). After being mixed with contrast media, microspheres get larger size to 100–200 μm and slowly release the cytotoxic drug. The advantage of DEM TACE is to increase the concentration of chemotherapeutic agent within the tumor, with decreased systemic side effects and toxicity [4,5]. Additionally, the arterial supply of the tumour is embolized by the spheres like in

It was proven that surface active agents which are the backbone of the formulated lipid vesicles can enhance the transdermal delivery of drugs by lowering the permeability barrier of the skin and interacting with the SC in vitro [45]. On the other hand, Studies also reported that the drug molecules to be effectively transported across the SC they must be entrapped within the lipid vesicles suggesting that the vesicles act as drug carrier systems and not as penetration enhancers [46].

theranostic approaches combining molecular imaging and in situ drug delivery. Targeting the cellular and molecular components that

GDEPT is a two-step treatment strategy where the gene that encodes a prodrug-activating nonendogenous enzyme is selectively transferred to target tissues. The most commonly used gene delivery vectors are cationic lipids, peptides, and viral vectors (i.e., retroviruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses). Subsequently, inactive prodrug is delivered systemically and converted to its active cytotoxic drug by the nonendogenous enzyme expressed in the target tissues. The effectiveness of GDEPT depends on several factors, including level of enzyme expression at the target site, prodrug activation efficiency, and the capability of the active cytotoxic drug to diffuse into adjacent cells. The most frequently used enzyme/prodrug systems include