Multimodal Appraisal

Based on the outcome assessments the speech therapist may find alternatives to increase treatment outcomes.

According to the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, about two to three children out of every 1,000 are born with a detectable level of hearing impairment in the United States. Without hearing, children miss out on the acoustic correlates of the physical world, such as car horns and footsteps. Children are also limited in their exposure to patterned complexities in music and spoken word. These hard of hearing and deaf students grow and develop in unique ways compared to their hearing peers because of the stimulus they do not have. Researchers have focused on how communication methods for hard of hearing and deaf children affect their development in the physical, social-emotional, cognitive and communicative

Preschoolers with verbalization sound disorders have clinically consequential impairments in the engenderment of sound production of the ambient language. Although many of these produced sound errors resolve after several years (with or sometimes without intervention), developmental appropriate speech sound production is not always achieved. Some sound errors may continue into adulthood. Concretely, (Preston, Hull, & Edwards, 2013) intended to determine if preschool verbalization error types (e.g., atypical sound errors and distortion errors), which may reflect different levels of psycholinguistic processing, are indicative of school-age phonological awareness and verbalization sound outcomes.

The second article, A Methodology for Assessing the Functions of Emerging Speech in Children with Developmental Disabilities by Lerman, Parten, Addison, Vorndran, Volkert, & Kodak, 2005 (2005), is about an experimental study aimed to develop and evaluate

The purpose of the research review was to attempt to answer the question, does monitoring naturietic peptide twice a month for a month post discharge and altering treatment plan vs. monitoring naturietic as standard practice and altering treatment plan decrease readmission rates in Heart Failure patients after discharge from the hospital? The dependent variable was readmission of Chronic Heart Failure patients (CHF). In order to answer this question, the Cochrane Database was searched using the keywords natriuretic peptide, CHF and readmissions with no limits. The search provided 8 results. According to research naturietric peptide aids in showing the probability for readmission and can therefore

Increasing Kara-lynn’s speech intelligibility will be the primary target of treatment. The multiple oppositions approach with maximally distinct targets will be utilized to treat Kara-lynn’s phoneme collapses into /d/. She collapses multiple phonemes into /d/ in word initial, medial, and final positions including some stops, fricatives, and consonant clusters. The multiple oppositions approach targets phoneme collapse by simultaneously contrasting the errored sounds with the target sounds .This helps the child recognize their own patterns of error and make widespread changes to their sound system as a whole(consider adding reference).

The scope of practice of speech-language pathology describes the ethical and clinical responsibility of clinicians to implement therapy techniques, which contains efficacy that is supported by evidence. Non-speech oral-motor exercises (NSOMEs), in particular have raised controversy among speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and researchers when treating children with articulation and phonological disorders. The use of NSOMEs is a debated issue in the profession due to the lack of evidence based practice (EBP), poor clinical assumptions, and the avoidance of meeting the client’s needs.

While speech-sound errors may occur in a typically developing child, if these errors persist beyond the expected age, it becomes indicative of a speech disorder and requires treatment (Peña-Brooks & Hedge, 2015). Speech-sound disorders in children will not only affect intelligibility of the individual, but can also have pervasive effects on communication skills, social involvement, and future employment, leading to an overall reduced quality of life (Johnson, Beitchman, and Brownlie, 2010). However, if individuals with speech-sound disorders receive speech-language services in childhood, evidence supports these children are likely to become effective communicators (Johnson, Beitchman, and Brownlie, 2010). Speech-language pathologists

In this paper I examine the effects of reflected appraisals on current and past offenders as well as on the remainder of society. Those who have criminal backgrounds often do not feel that they are defined as being criminals, however, society still tends to label them as such and does not fully accept them. A brief history of reflected appraisals is given as well as a general explanation about how the theory works. I then examine the causes and effects of reflected appraisal as well as offering advice on how the social stigmas of prisoners held by society and the stigmas that prisoners hold about society can be removed. Lastly, I describe

The purpose of this evidence based research paper is to evaluate the efficacy of the cycles approach when compared to the traditional articulation therapy approach in the treatment of children who are highly unintelligible. The Cycles Phonological Remediation Approach (Hodson, 2011) is a treatment method for children with severe speech sound disorders. This approach targets phonological pattern errors in a sequential manner. During each cycle, one or more phonological patterns are targeted and after each cycle is complete, another cycle begins. Recycling of phonological patterns continues until the targeted patterns are generalized into the child’s conversational speech. The cycles approach is meant to mirror typical phonological development in children (Hodson, 2011).

For girls, everything changes after they start paying attention to make up and clothing. Every girl growing up especially their transition from being in Middle school to High school, change their lifestyle routine where as their mothers would use to lay out their clothes to them to them having to pick clothes out for school every morning. But when you reach that age, girls always have a place in their body they aren’t proud of or ashamed of. Magazines from big companies like, Seventeen, Girl’s Life, etc. that feature many young models and celebrities who are around their age with the perfect body shape and face which leads to lots of girls to know that they aren’t happy with their body. Article: Social Comparisons, Reflected Appraisals, and

In 1939 an experiment now known as the “Monster Study” was conducted on 22 orphaned children by Wendell Johnson, a very influential speech pathologist at the University of Iowa. In this experiment the orphaned children were divided up into two separate groups. One group was given positive speech therapy, in which they were praised for their fluency. The other group was given negative speech therapy. They were belittled for every speech imperfection and told that they were stutterers. Many of the normal speaking children who were subjected to the negative speech therapy experienced negative psychological effects and some developed lasting speech impediments.

Clinical Implications: Minimal-contrast treatment is effective and efficient for treating children with phonological disability. Avoiding listener confusion is motivating for suppressing process use.

Another study by Tincani, Crozier, and Alazetta (2006) looked at the effects of PECS on manding and speech development for school-aged children. The study had two different parts, the first study involved two children with ASD, and the study wanted to increase the amount of independent manding, displayed when a child exchanges a picture symbol for an object without prompting. The researchers followed the PECS guidelines in a delayed multiple baseline design study, where participant one was taught phases I-IV of PECS and participant two was taught phases I and II of PECS. Both participants greatly increased their independent manding over the course of the study, especially as they advanced through the phases of PECS. Participant two required more than twice as many sessions as participant one to meet the acquisition criteria for phases I and II and therefore did not have the opportunity to learn subsequent phases before the experiment ended. Participant two did not use any measurable speech during the study and therefore was not used for study two. Participant one demonstrated only vocal approximations (vocalization that was clearly not the name of the item the participant was manding) instead of word vocalization and participant two did not use any measurable speech during the study. Therefore, neither participant qualified to participate in the second part of the study. (Tincani, Crozier, & Alazetta, 2006).

Content area F, Behavior-Change Systems, includes the task list item F-08: Use augmentative communication systems (Behavior Analyst Certification Board, 2014). My submission for this content area is the fourth team summary from SPE 520, which demonstrates my mastery of augmentative communication systems. Since the ability to communicate is necessary for all, we must find ways for each person to be able to communicate his thoughts, needs and wants. The inability to do so can often lead to problem behaviors since the learner is likely to become frustrated with his needs not being met. Augmentative communication systems or augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) are used to describe supplemental speech communication methods, other