Multiple Myeloma Cancer

Multiple myeloma (also plasma cell myeloma also known as MM, myeloma, plasma cell myeloma, or as Kahler's disease) is a progressive hematologic (blood) disease. It is a cancer of the plasma cell, an important part of the immune system that produces immunoglobulins (antibodies) to help fight infection and disease.

Each cell generally lasts for as little as a couple days to weeks. Also, plasma is a straw colored clear liquid that is 90% water and carries blood cells through the body. It contains dissolved salts and minerals such as calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium. Also, it carries microbe-fighting antibodies to the disease in the body. Without plasma, blood cells would not be transported and therefore would not provide the body with nutrients and oxygen. Finally, When the body loses excessive amounts of blood, blood platelets along with mineral calcium, vitamin K, and fibrinogen form clots or “scabs” to stop the bleeding. Without these minerals and nutrients, it will take longer for the body to form a clot, causing you to bleed to death. A healthy diet can provide these required nutrients.

Multiple Myeloma is a form of cancer which affects the plasma cells of the body, which are white blood cells. Multiple Myeloma, first described in 1848, is a disease “characterized by a proliferation of malignant plasma cells and a subsequent overabundance of monoclonal paraprotein.” To understand how Multiple Myeloma affects an infected person’s plasma cells, it helps to have a general understanding of how normal blood cells are formed and how they act. Most blood cells develop from stem cells, which can be found in bone marrow (soft material inside our bones – the “filling”). Stem cells mature into white blood cells, red blood cells, or platelets.2 The purpose of white blood cells is to fight off infection, while

White blood cells are part of the immune system and help defend the body from antigens.

 The blood cell is made in the bone marrow of a bone and then enters a vein and goes toward to superior vena cava. The blood cell joins millions of other blood cells as well as white blood cells and platelets inside of plasma.

Blood is made up of straw coloured plasma, the matrix, in which various types of blood are carried. Plasma is mainly water where substances are carried such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients such as glucose and amino acids, salts, enzymes and hormones. Also there is a combination of important proteins which help with blood clotting, transport,

24-hour urine collection revealed proteinuria (550 mg). A peripheral blood smear revealed rouleaux formation. CT scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvis revealed no obvious malignancy. Quantitative immunoglobulins were significant for elevated IgA (2415 mg/dl) and concurrent suppression of IgG and IgM levels. Quantitative serum light chain measurement revealed normal levels of kappa and lambda, with an elevated Kappa:Lambda ratio at 2:1. SPEP, UPEP, and serum immunofixation revealed IgA-Kappa Multiple Myeloma (MM). Given her significant-severe, symptomatic hypercalcemia; she was treated with aggressive intravenous crystalloids and loop diuretics, calcitonin, pamidronate; and a decision to perform early hemodialysis given her extremely high calcium levels. Her calcium subsequently normalized to 10.1 mg/dl. Bone-marrow biopsy with flow cytometry revealed intracytoplasmic kappa-restricted monoclonal plasma cells that occupied 40% of the marrow. Bone survey was negative for lytic lesions. Oncology started her on a chemotherapeutic regimen consisting of Bortezomib, Lenalidomide, dexamethasone along

Mr. Jacobs is a very pleasant, 69-year-old gentleman who presents to the oncology clinic for evaluation and treatment of a myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts in transformation RAEB-2. Patient states he was in a normal state of health until 01/2017 when he was evaluated to have anemia and leukopenia. He was referred to a hematologist/oncologist and underwent a bone marrow biopsy. The results revealed a mild dysplastic syndrome with excess blasts in transformation RAEB-2. Flow cytometry showed 11% myeloblasts. He was subsequently given one unit of packed red blood cells and started on erythropoietin every three weeks

Blood is a circulating tissue consisting of three types of cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These cells are suspended in a liquid known as plasma. Plasma is similar to salt water in composition. It carries dissolved proteins, such as antibodies, hormones, and clotting factors, and nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, salts, and minerals.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a rare life-threatening cancer that affects the white blood cells known as plasma cells that are found in the soft, spongy tissue at the center of the bones, called bone marrow. The plasma cells are useful in fighting infections by producing antibodies that recognize and attack germs. The plasma cells are transformed into malignant myeloma cells when there are high levels of M proteins or better known as the production of abnormal antibodies from a result of myeloma cells. These M proteins multiple and block out normally functioning antibodies and the end results are bone damage or kidney problems. An individual can have blood tests or urine tests done to determine if they have multiple myeloma. In the article, “The work of living with a rare cancer: multiple myeloma” the authors explain how this type of cancer still remains incurable, but treatable that patients can expect to live longer, approximately five to seven years than what two decades ago. This was not expected for patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma during the 1990s, since patients were expected to only live about two and a half years after being diagnosed. Treatment for multiple myeloma throughout the years has advanced greatly yet a cure is still to be discovered. This essay will focus of the causes, the sign and symptoms, how multiple myeloma is detected and diagnosed, and how multiple myeloma is treated.

Human have different types of blood cells within the body, this includes plasma, platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells.

What is cancer? This is an important question that will help people to understand the severity of this affliction. Cancer occurs from abnormal cell growth in the human body. When this happens tumors may form. Tumors are a mass of cells that continue to expand. These tumors may be benign. This means they will not spread through the body. Though, the tumors may be malignant which means they may spread to other areas of the body in an invasive manner. These malignant tumors have the potential to cause serious complications and even death. It is these tumors that are cancerous.

When cells in the body start dividing and regenerating uncontrollably, they lead to cancer – and this is true for all the cells in the body. If the cancer is not nipped in its bud early on, it can spread to other parts of the body. This presents the common question asked regards cancer; how can it be stopped early on? The same can be said for cancers that start from the bone marrow such as multiple myelomas.

This study explores the prevalence, role, and suppressive properties of T regulatory cells (Treg) in multiple myeloma (MM) patients as compared to healthy individuals. This is accomplished by analyzing peripheral blood and bone marrow Treg cells of premalignant and malignant MM patients with the use of flow cytometry. Treg, CD4 T, and lymphocyte cells in MM patients and healthy volunteers are also evaluated for their suppressive property. This was accomplished by testing effects of cyclophosphamide, thalidomide plus dexamethasone (CTD) upon cells, before and after treatment. A total of 25 patients were analyzed in this study. The results showed elevated frequencies of Treg cells in newly diagnosed and relapsed MM patients as compared to healthy volunteers. The proportion of naive and activated Treg cells were also higher in MM patients than healthy volunteers. Functional studies demonstrated no significance of inhibitory function between MM patients and healthy volunteers. There was, however, significant increases of Treg cells with clinically adverse effects (ie. hypercalemia, low normal plasma cell count, and IgA myeloma subtype) in MM patients as compared to the control. It was also observed that MM patients with ≥5% of Treg cells had inferior time to progression (TTP). While the CTD treatment significantly decreased Treg and CD4 cells, it was still not as low or lower than pre-treatment level. All in all, this study’s results suggest a causal link between elevated level

Bibliographic information: Richard C. Cardoso & Peter J. Gerngross & Theresa M. Hofstede & Donna M. Weber & Mark S. Chambers. Support Care Cancer (2014) 22:259–267 DOI 10.1007/s00520-013-1960-y.