Module
PS71020D
MSc Statistics Coursework
2016-2017
Module co-ordinator
Dr Devin Terhune
Candidate number
33440401
Title
Multiple Regression Analysis Exam
Word count
1242
Results
Delusional ideation
A multiple regression analysis was run to predict delusional ideation from pathology severity, perception, memory, speak vs. hear, and imagine vs. hear with forced entry. There was linearity as assessed by partial regression plots and a plot of studentized residuals against the predicted values. There was independence of residuals, as assessed by a Durbin-Watson statistic of 2.011. There was homoscedasticity, as assessed by visual inspection of a plot of studentized residuals versus unstandardized predicted values. There was evidence
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There were no studentized deleted residuals greater than ±3 standard deviations, no leverage values greater than 0.2, and values for Cook 's distance above 1. The assumption of normality was met, as assessed by Q-Q Plot. The multiple regression model statistically significantly predicted hallucination history, F(4, 175) = 89.89, p < .005, adj. R2 = 66.5%. All variables added statistically significantly to the prediction, p < .05. Regression coefficients and standard errors can be found in Table 2 (below).
Table 2: Summary of Multiple Regression Analysis (Hallucination history)
Multiple regression analysis was run to predict hallucination history from metacognition variables; perception and memory. The model statistically significantly predicted hallucination history, F(2, 177) = 11.88, p < .000, adj. R2 = 10.8%. All variables added statistically significantly to the prediction, p < .05
Multiple regression analysis was run to predict hallucination history from source monitoring variables; speak vs. hear and imagine vs. hear. The model statistically significantly predicted hallucination history, F(2, 177) = 171.7, p < .000, adj. R2 = 65.6%. All variables added statistically significantly to the prediction, p < .05
Table 3: Correlation Matrix for Hallucination history
Discussion
The prediction model for delusional ideation was not statistically
The hallucinations include two different individuals: one is a new coworker named “Ivan”, the other is a coffee shop waitress (with whom he pursues a relationship). He also possesses a belief that someone is breaking into his domicile and leaving notes for him (although he is seemingly unaware of the purpose). He has actually found notes, but has no knowledge of their origin. His hallucinations were responsible for a major industrial accident at his place of employment (during which a coworker was dismembered) and now the client is experiencing paranoia and believes his coworkers are persecuting him. The client is very excitable, and seems to have a heightened awareness of objects that remind him of the repressed hit and run incident. The clients overall mood appears depressed, with very few exceptions, and he has had interpersonal conflicts with coworkers. He performs tasks robotically, and even shows some signs of obsessive compulsive behavior, specifically hand-washing with bleach and lye. The client’s weight loss over the previous year is dramatic; he is essentially emaciated, yet continues to go to work and perform personal tasks. In the next few paragraphs, this information will be used to formulate a psychological diagnosis for Reznik. Diagnoses are presented using the multiaxial system in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. These
B. Hallucinations, are perceived through one of the senses and do not correspond to any stimulus in the outside world. Hallucinations are defined as perceptions in a conscious mind.
Auditory hallucination is a fundamental presentation observed in patients suffering from schizophrenia. It is one of the frequently occurring symptoms considered to be disabling in schizophrenia, but despite vast and numerous organized studies undertaken in this area in order to comprehend the pathophysiology of auditory hallucination, little success has been realized, and it remains to be complex in research, understanding, and expressing the knowledge accrued (Kaprinis, 2008.) The auditory processing in schizophrenia seems to be different from that of normal individuals because patients inflicted with this mental illness complain of voices deep inside their heads. The voices are described as coming
Surprisingly, research shows that even 15 minutes of near-total sensory deprivation can cause hallucinations on par with psychedelics. (University, 2011)”
When the brain is deprived of all sensory input it begins to provide input of its own, sometimes relating to events that have occurred before. Sometimes these hallucinations occur with no reasoning whatsoever, all the researchers
28-30). What is most interesting about these examples is that the majority of the hallucinations are experienced by experts within the scientific community. Clearly intentional, the author masterfully crafted a strong appeal to ethics both by presenting himself as an expert and drawing support from reputable
Code based on predominant symptom: - With Delusions: if delusions are the predominant symptom - With Hallucinations: if hallucinations are the predominant symptom Diagnostic criteria for Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder: A. Prominent hallucinations or delusions. Note: Do not include hallucinations if the person has insight that they are substance induced. B. There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings of either (1) or (2): (1) the symptoms in Criterion A developed during, or within a month of, Substance Intoxication or Withdrawal (2) medication use is etiologically related to the disturbance C. The disturbance is not better accounted for by a Psychotic Disorder that is not substance induced. Evidence that the symptoms are better accounted for by a Psychotic Disorder that is not substance induced might include the following: the symptoms precede the onset of the substance use (or medication use); the symptoms persist for a substantial period of time (e.g., about a month) after the cessation of acute withdrawal or severe intoxication, or are substantially in excess of what would be expected given the type or amount of the substance used or the duration of use; or there is other evidence that suggests the existence of an independent non-substance-induced Psychotic Disorder (e.g., a history of recurrent non-substance-related episodes). D.
Rosenhan's study was done in two parts. The first part involved the use of healthy associates who briefly simulated auditory hallucinations in an attempt to gain admission to 12 different psychiatric hospitals in five different states in various locations in the United States. All were admitted and diagnosed with psychiatric disorders. After admission, the pseudopatients acted normally and told staff that they felt fine and had not experienced any more hallucinations. All were forced to admit to having a
The second nursing priority that would be applicable to Murray would be having disturbed sensory perception related to biochemical imbalances in his brain. The rationale for this would be relating to the authentic hallucinations Murray has been experiencing both visually and auditory for years, precisely in the mornings. For this reason, it is crucial that health care providers provide Murray with the support he needs while having these experiences, identify the situations that contribute to these delusions, and discover coping strategies that would deal with these delusions.
ASCs are not institutionalized in western psychiatry, experiencing any form of hallucination is considered to be a psychotic disorders. This view, however, is not shared cross-culturally. “The ethnocentric tendency to regard unusual ASCs with suspicion and skepticism, a view held by Western scientists and laypeople alike, limits our understanding of normal and altered states of awareness (Ward,
Delusional disorders account for one of the most common types of psychological disorders that exist in the world today. Studies suggest that this disorder accounts for 1% to 2% of admissions to inpatient mental health facilities in the world. Delusional disorders can be defined as the, “the presence of one or more non-bizarre delusions that persist for at least 1 month”. The non-bizarre delusions are considered to be plausible which means that the person’s theory could actually occur a small proportion of the time. There are many sub-types of delusional disorders, which are Erotomaniac Type, Grandiose Type, Jealous Type, Persecutory Type, Somatic Type, Mixed Type and Unspecified Type. We decided to choose the persecutory type since it is
Halpern, J. (2003). Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: what do we know after 50 years? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 69(2), 109–119. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00306-X
Selby, in Requiem for a Dream, describes his version of the characters’ hallucinations while on drugs:
In Telles-Correia et al. (2016) study, they analyzed about hallucinations and delusions experienced by the schizophrenic disorder and other psychotic disorders. Hallucinations are classified amongst the sensory modality: auditory, visual, tactile, est. They are known to occur in functional psychotic states and in sensory deprivation situations. Another symptom linked to psychotic disorders are delusions. Over years, Psychiatry have been studying the conceptual proximity between hallucinations and delusions. In this study, Telles-Correia et al. (2016) analyzed the dimensions of hallucinations and delusions in a sample of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.
Thesis : Everyone should know the information of hallucinations because the true facts about hallucinations like the type, causes and treatment of hallucination is important in human’s daily life.