Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)

In bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), the disease is caused by the misfolding of proteins that cause proteins and peptides to develop a fibrillary structure. The PrPc is a correctly folded prion and the misfolded form is called PrPSc. BSE occurs when the normal PrPc come into contact with the toxic PrPSc and the normal prion takes on the shape of the PrPSc. The normal chaperones are unable to convert the PrPSc back to the normal form. The PrPSc now takes on the role of chaperone and the conversion of PrPc prions continue over and over. PrPSc, now being hydrophobic avoids the water of the inner cell and begin to accumulate and form plaques along the neuronal cell membranes. The aggregation of the prions on the cell membrane eventually lead to cell death which produces the sponge-like appearance in the brain of cattle infected with BSE (Thompson, 2014).

There is now strong scientific suspicion that the agent responsible for the outbreak of prion disease in cows, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or 'mad cow' disease), is the same agent responsible for the outbreak of vCJD in humans. Variant CJD (vCJD) is not the same disease as classic CJD It has different clinical and pathologic characteristics. Each disease also has a particular genetic profile of the prion protein gene. Both disorders are fatal brain diseases with unusually long periods measured in years, and are caused by a transmissible agent called a

Humans have to deal with many different diseases and the ones most disliked are the ones with no cures. Like cancer, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies have no cure, but they are more rare. These diseases are prion diseases which cause the brain to deteriorate. Prions are proteins that sometimes behave like viruses, which mean that they should have some form of nucleic acid, but since they don’t, they cause abnormalities. The nervous system contains many normal prions, but when an abnormal prion comes along, it transforms all the normal prions into abnormal ones. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is found in cattle, but it can be transmitted to humans.

This disease effects the central nervous system, mainly the brain of an adult cow. An abnormal protein called prion is thought to kill the brain cells and create small holes in the brain tissue. MCD is a disease that progresses very slowly and is fatal. (WebMD, LLC, 2015).

Proteinaceous Infectious Particles, commonly known as Prions, are extremely rare misfolds of the protein PrPc, which cause fatally neurodegenerative diseases, and are theorized to be infectious only by the protein itself (U.S National Library of Medicine, 1998). This “protein-only theory” is still heavily debated today, as some scientists deny the theory, and there isn’t a significant amount of evidence on each side to qualify the theory or disprove it (Soto, C. 2011). The base “Prion” protein is encoded in the gene PRNP, while being non-infectious. Prions are most commonly found in human prion diseases, but they can also be in other animals in the form of Mad Cow Disease and Chronic Wasting Disease, classified as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathies

Multiple sclerosis, or MS, is a disease of the central nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. Both have nerve fibers that are wrapped in a myelin sheath. In MS, the myelin sheath becomes inflamed and gradually is destroyed. With the destruction of the myelin sheath comes an array of symptoms that may include numbness or tingling, balance problems, weakness, muscle spasms, and blurred vision.

Multiple Sclerosis, commonly referred to as MS, is an unpredictable disorder of the central nervous system, or CNS, and it is a chronic inflammatory disorder. MS is a disease that involves the immune system attacking the CNS. They myelin that covers and protects the nerve fibers is damaged, as well as the nerve fibers themselves. They myelin that is damaged forms scar tissue know as sclerosis. This is where the name of the disease came from. When the nerve fibers or myelin is damaged, the nerve fibers that travel to and from the spinal cord are distorted or interrupted this is why there is a variety of symptoms that can occur. Multiple Sclerosis affects rather young individuals, as young as twenty. It is most common in adults in their twenties

Prions are a type of protein found naturally in the brain and other regions of the central nervous system. The diseases associated with

Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic progressive disease involving damage to the myelin sheaths of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. The exact cause of multiple sclerosis is unknown but we know that something triggers the immune system to attack the central nervous system (CNS). MS happens when your immune system attacks a fatty material called myelin and without this outer shell, your nerves become damaged. The resulting damage to myelin that insulates wire like nerve fibers is a disruption of signals to and from the brain. This hiatus of communication signals causes unpredictable symptoms such as numbness, tingling, mood changes, memory problems, blindness, paralysis, fatigue and pain. People who have MS experience the disease differently,

Multiple Sclerosis is a long-lasting disease that can affect your brain, spinal cord, and the nerves in your eyes. It can cause problems with your vision, balance, muscle control, and other bodily functions. There is no cause for Multiple Sclerosis but there are many symptoms that can lead you to think that you do have this special disease. Starting with vison loss, pain, fatigue, and impaired coordination. Some people can be symptom free, meanwhile some have those chronic symptoms that never go away. When you begin to have MS, it starts in your immune system, then attacks your central nervous system. There are more than 350,000 people in the United States have this progressive disease. Including Northern Europe, Southern Australia,

Imagine waking up one morning realizing that it could be the last day to live? People who are diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis can relate to that. Multiple Sclerosis also known as MS is a disease located in the central nervous system in which the nerves gradually lose their protective covering of myelin(Frey 737). Myelin is a fatty substance that insulates the nerves and allows them to transmit messages to and from the brain(Frey 737). There are four different types of MS. However the most common type people get is called Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (MSHC). The patient who has this form will have occasional attacks (also called relapses) in which symptoms get worse. Followed by periods of remission in which the patient has stable health(Frey 737). As of today there is still no cause for MS, although there are several theories still being tested( Jacoby 1140; HDC 1131 ). Multiple Sclerosis is a deadly disease, but we can stop this disorder with your help to find a cure.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an acquired demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that typically is diagnosed in the second or third decade of life. Normally, nerves are enclosed in myelin sheaths that help facilitate transmission of nerve impulses within the CNS and the peripheral nervous system throughout the body. In patients with MS, the myelin sheath is damaged and eventually degenerates, causing patches of scar tissue called plaques or lesions to occur anywhere randomly on the myelin sheath (Ruto, 2013). This results in impaired nerve conductivity, which interferes with message transmission between the brain and the other parts of the body. As a result, impulse transmission is altered, distorted, short-circuited, or completely absent. This interference in impulse transmission creates muscle weakness, muscle imbalance, and possibly muscle spasms with partial or complete paralysis. Multiple sclerosis also can result in visual impairment and alteration of cognitive abilities, as well as pain, numbness, or tingling sensations (Ruto, 2013).

Multiple sclerosis is considered a nervous system disease that affects the brain and spinal cord. The disease remains a mystery to this day since there are no known specific causes. It can be seen that multiple sclerosis is more prevalent in women than in men between the ages of 20-40 (Bethesda 2015). While the disease is typically mild in most cases, some severe cases may result in the loss in the ability to speak, walk, and write. Common symptoms of the disease include “visual disturbances, muscle weakness, trouble with coordination and balance, sensations with numbness and prickling, and thinking and memory problems” (Bethesda 2015). It is important to become more aware and informed on the basics of multiple sclerosis so that in the case if you or someone you know may be experiencing symptoms, an early diagnosis can be made and treatment can start as soon as possible.

Multiple System Atrophy (MSA), is a progressive and ultimately terminal neurodegenerative disease which generally emerges in later adulthood (1,2). It is associated with the “adverse” accumulation of alpha-synuclein proteins in the pons, medulla, and cerebellar regions of the brain (1). There are two subtypes of MSA: MSA-Parkinsonian, which features symptoms similar to Parkinson’s disease, and MSA-Cerebellar, which manifests predominantly as oculomotor dysfunction in gait and speech.

Prions are infectious agents composed entirely of a protein material which is transmissible to other prion proteins leading to disease in a manner that is epidemiologically comparable to the spread of viral infection. Prions composed of the prion protein are believed to be the cause of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies among other diseases. All known prion diseases are untreatable and fatal.