Multistep Synthesis Chemistry Experiment

The purpose of this lab was to utilize roasting, smelting, spectroscopy, and the carbonate test in order to determine the identity of an unknown copper mineral. I determined that the most useful of these tests in determining the mineral was roasting because it provides a fairly accurate percent composition of copper in the unknown mineral.

A chemical reaction is when substances (reactants) change into other substances (products). The five general types of chemical reactions are synthesis (also known as direct combination), decomposition, single replacement (also known as single displacement), double replacement (also known as double displacement), and combustion. In this lab, the five general types of chemical reactions were conducted and observations were taken before, during, and after the reaction. Then the reactants and observations were used to determine the products to form a balanced chemical equation. The purpose of this lab was to learn and answer the question: How can observations be used to determine the identity of substances produced in a chemical reaction?

Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to observe a variety of chemical reactions and to identify patterns in the conversion of reactants into products.

Is A+C a chemical reaction? Yes, because of serval chemical changes happening to the solution before and after. I came to this conclusion by using three pieces of evidence. The three pieces of evidence were a ph imbalance, a dramatic density rise, and a change in electroconductivity.

Purpose: The purpose of this experiment was to observe the many physical and chemical properties of copper as it undergoes a series of chemical reactions. Throughout this process, one would also need to acknowledge that even though the law of conservation of matter/mass suggests that one should expect to recover the same amount of copper as one started with, inevitable sources of error alter the results and produce different outcomes. The possible sources of error that led to a gain or loss in copper are demonstrated in the calculation of percent yield (percent yield= (actual yield/theoretical yield) x 100.

The concentration of the PNP increased with the increase in time for the given wavelength. The increase in the PNP concentration increases the absorbance of the solution. The

After about an hour of reaction time, the mixture was isolated via vacuum filtration and was then acidified with 6 M HCl during the work up step. The reaction mixture was initially basic because of the sodium bicarbonate added during the beginning of the reaction. This was confirmed by a litmus paper test, with the reaction mixture spot showing up green which correlates to a pH of 8. However, the incorporation of HCl into the reaction mixture greatly acidified the solution. The litmus paper was spotted with the resulting reaction mixture and appeared red, which suggests a pH of about 2.

Chemical reactions occur every day almost continuously, both in the natural world outside as well as inside living organisms. These reactions occur at varying speeds, but are usually considerably slow. Some reactions can take as long as seven years for the molecules to undergo the reaction process (Berenbaum 153-154). However, with the presence of an enzyme in the reaction, this process speeds up considerably. A reaction that takes seven years to complete, now takes less than a second to finish (Berenbaum 154). With the help of these enzymes, chemical reactions are sped up to where they are able to help with the natural processes of the world.

=O and C =C aromatic stretches (Table 1) that correspond to the literature value6, but are less intense explained by the low yield. To improve the yields of this multistep synthesis the procedure should be modified to allow a longer reaction time to condense all of the benzaldehyde to benzoin in the first step as 1.5 h is not sufficient as shown by the TLC. Furthermore, recrystallization should be performed after each synthetic step as to remove impurities and potential side products that may

It has been documented that substance P interacts with peroxisome proliferator- activated receptors- gamma (PPAR-γ). Substance P decreases the level of PPAR γ that reduces the survival of neurons.[8] PPAR- γ decreases the level of proinflammatory mediators[9], increase development and growth of brain size and increase level of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expression.[39] ChAT is involved in synthesis and formation of acetylcholine by catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group from the acetyl-CoA to choline yielding acetylcholine (ACh).[10] Substance P decreases the PPAR-γ level which upregulate inflammatory mediator level and reduces synthesis and formation of acetylcholine resulting in neurodegeneration.

Yeast is a ingredient commonly used in baking to get bread to rise. It is a eukaryotic single-celled fungi. Yeast gets its energy from sugar which we will be using in this lab. Using sugar molecules as energy is known as cellular respiration which is a chemical reaction. The problem we will be testing today is does affecting the amount of yeast mixed with sugar and warmed water affect how much gas is created. We will test this by mixing all of those ingredients together and putting a balloon over the ingredients to create a seal so we can measure how much gas is being produced by measuring the circumference of the ballon. The independent variable will be the yeast while the sugar and

From the Melting point experiment, it was set to classify which substance has High melting point and which has low melting point. According to the results above we identified that Compound A has a high melting point and compound B has a low melting point. According to the Pre lab, Compound B was identified as Glucose (C6H12O6) and Compound A was identified as Sodium Chloride (NaCl). With the Conductivity experiment, the first part was to find out the conductivity in Solution state, Substance A conducted electricity and also changed the color of the solution and Substance B did not have any conductivity. With the second part of Conductivity test, tried to check the conductivity in molten state. The Bunsen burner was used to melt the compounds

The reaction rate is defined as, the speed at which a chemical reaction proceeds. It is often expressed in terms of either the concentration (amount per unit volume) of a product that is formed in a unit of time or the concentration of a reactant that is consumed in a unit of time (according to Britannica Online Encyclopedia). But not only concentration affects the reaction rate, temperature also affects the rate. The Kinetic Molecular Theory is described as a gas that has a large number of submicroscopic particles (atoms or molecules), all of which are in constant rapid motion that has randomness raising the collisions with each other and with the walls of the container. All chemical reactions proceed in different ways according to their reacting substances, types of chemical transformation, and temperature. In this lab, we tested the effects of

The purpose of this experiment was to initiate and explore three different polymer reactions. One was an addition polymer reaction which used a mixing of chemicals and a boiling process to produce polystyrene. There was also two condensation polymers created, one through mixing compounds and shaking which is Bakelite, and the other through the careful mixing of compounds and pulling on the the surface where nylon has been produced.

This experiment performed the second step in a multistep synthesis. The reaction carried out was an oxidation of benzoin to benzil using a recyclable copper catalyst, cupric acetate. The cupric acetate acted as an electron acceptor in a redox type reaction. The benzoin donated an electron to cupric acetate and formed the Cu+ ion while becoming a benzoin radical cation. The benzoin radical cation lost a hydrogen to the Cu+ ion forming acetic acid. Another redox cycle between Cu2+ and the benzoin radical took place, forming a second Cu+ ion and the benzoin cation lost a proton to another acetate ion to form the product benzil. The benzoin was oxidize to benzil as well as the Cu+ ion was oxidized to Cu2+ using the ammonium nitrate, which was