During my time in my Intro to Humanities class, I learned many things starting from 3150 BC. In this six week course I learned about Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, the greatest singers, dancer, movies, and shows. Out of all the things I learned, I have to say my favorite I learned in this course was how to mummify someone. What makes mummification process so interesting is how detailed and precise it is.
In Ancient Egypt, mummies had to be buried in Egypt in order to have an afterlife. Ancient Egyptians had these three laws that they followed, which were; Ma’at, don’t kill or hurt another Egyptian, and must be buried in Egypt. If an Egyptian didn’t obey the last two laws then they wont be given an afterlife. The place where king
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The mummification process takes place in the tent of preparation in the hot humid deserts of Egypt. This process is done by four bandagers (four priests). The first priest picks up this metal or wood stick and draws a five inch line with orange paint on the left side of the body. Then the second priest picks up a knife and cuts along the orange line. Now the second priest must run out while the three other priests chase after him and throw stones at him because he disobeyed one of the laws which is to not hurt or kill an Egyptian. Now priest number two must go home and cleanse himself, until then he cannot go back to work. The next step is to remove the wet stuff in the body. By doing this the three priests put their hands into the dead body and pull four internal organs out each. After they put natron on the internal organs to suck up all the moist. After all the moist is dried up, they now put the internal organs in four canopic jars. Now moving on to the brain, the brain to the Egyptians was worthless, they believed that we think from our hearts. So the three priests now break the ethmoid bone with a chizzel and then take a long tool, and put it up the nose and break the brain into small pieces and pull out the brain piece by piece, then put natron in the brain. The final step it to wrap the entire body with linen and dump a bucket of natron over the entire
The process begins where the body is taken into an “ibu”, a tent also known as the “place of purification”. That is where the embalmers wash the body in palm wine and rinse it off with water from the Nile. The next step is when one of the men makes a small cut in the left side of the body and removes the liver, lungs, stomach and also intestines. It is important to remove these internal organs because they are one of the fastest to decompose. These internal organs are then washed and packed in natron, a mineral salt that contains hydrated sodium carbonate. The natron will dry out the organs. The heart is not taken out because Egyptians believed that the heart was the center of intelligence and feeling and the body will need it in the afterlife.
The three different levels of mummification were using a crooked iron tool, syringes with the oil, and purge. During the level on which will be the crooked iron tool, the procedure was to “drawn out the brain through the nostrils, extracting it partly thus and partly by pouring in drugs; after this with a sharp stone of Ethiopia they make a cut along the side and take out the whole contents of the belly, and when they cleared out the cavity and cleansed it with palm-wine they cleanse it again with spices pounded up; then they fill the belly with pure myrrh pounded up and with cassia and other spices except frankincense, and set it together again” (Herodotus). After seventy days they wash the body, then they wrap the corpse with fine linen.
The framers of the constitution walked a thin line to create a government that was strong but not too strong. Did they succeed? Are the powers of the federal government still separated enough?
The visual aspects of the sarcophagus directly demonstrate some ancient egyptian burial traditions. Most pronounced is the fact that the work of art is a coffin and a person is placed inside of it showing that the egyptians put their dead into a vessel before
Funerary customs are practises and beliefs that the Ancient Egyptians used to respect their dead, and preserve their bodies in preparation for the afterlife which was a universe that mirrored their life on Earth, where they would live with the Gods in eternal Egypt. The body of the deceased could be mummified, which was where a body is dried, packed with minerals and wrapped in linen cloths, whereas another form would be embalming which is the use of salts and spices to preserve a body and took 70 days in total. However, there were many tests and dangers on the way to the afterlife, including fire-filled lakes, poisonous snakes and executioners. Because of this, there were many ceremonies and tests to see if the deceased person was worthy of the Afterlife. Such as the opening of the mouth ceremony which was when a priest touched parts of the deceased body at a funeral in order for the
The mummification process is done in two phases, the first being embalming and the latter being wrapping and burial. There was a special place for embalming to take place known as the ibu. The ibu was called the place of purification. The first thing the embalmers do is to clean his body with aromatic palm wine and rinse it with Nile water. The next step involves removing all but a select few of the internal organs. The process used to remove the internal organs changed over time and varied with the wealth of the body in question. The heart was left in the body because of its necessity as the focal point of mental and emotional stability. The body’s fluids and rags used in this phase are left with the body for its burial. The body is left for a period of
Mummification was created by the Egyptians to dry out and prepare the body for preservation. It took years to perfect
Masks of deceased persons are part of traditions in many countries. The most important process of the funeral ceremony in ancient Egypt was the mummification of the body, which, after prayers and consecration, was put into a sarcophagus enameled and decorated with gold and gems. A special element of the rite was a sculpted mask, put on the face of the deceased. This mask was believed to strengthen the spirit of the mummy and guard the soul from evil spirits on its way to the afterworld.
Embalming requires the body to be taken to the tent known as ibu, or the place of purification, where the embalmers wash his body with sweet-smelling palm wine and then rinse it with water from the Nile. Then one the embalmers makes an incision on the left side of body and removes the internal organs. These are the first parts of the body to decompose so they must be removed first. The liver, lungs, stomach, and intestines are washed and packed in Nitron, natural salt used to dry out the moisture. The heart is the only intestine which is not removed because Egyptians that it to be the center for feeling and intelligence in which the person will need for the afterlife. The brain is removed through the nose by using a hook in which they insert and smash the brain to pull it out. The whole body in then covered with Nitron and left there for forty
The developed embalming, the preserving of the body. They believed that the soul, or ba, would be released form the soul upon death, however it would need to return to body at some point or else it will die. Originally they left the bodies out in the desert so it would mummify naturally, but they developed a better way of preservation. The embalming process involved the removal of the organs and then wrapping up the body so it wouldn’t dry out. Then they were headed to the burial process where a priest or priests would perform several rituals such as the “opening of the mouth” ceremony where the body could receive offerings.
When looking at the different medical procedures, I decided to choose something that I have gone through myself about a year ago which is a tonsillectomy. A tonsillectomy is defined as the surgical removal of the tonsils, two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat – one tonsil on each side (Mayo Clinic). This is a procedure that can be suggested for an infection, inflammation, or for sleep-disordered breathing. The desired outcome of this procedure is to help stop infections causing sore throats or help a person breathe better. The tonsils are two lymph nodes at the back of the throat, and they are part of the body’s defense mechanism.
Egyptians strongly believed in the afterlife. By preserving the body, they could ensure that the soul of the person would successfully transfer to the next life. They thought that without mummifying the dead, the body would rot and the soul would be obliterated. Mummifying Egypt’s people was essential because the people in those times had very short life spans. Typically only 40 years, this is why the mummification process and the statistics are so important.
Euripides always expressed his point of views towards the culture of Ancient Greeks, mostly hatred and enmity. However his safety was a major concern due to the irrational behaviour of the ancient Greeks and his close friends and family members. Thus he expressed his notions by giving speaking power to his characters. Medea has been given the same property. In Medea, Euripides discusses exclusively about the gender segregation and inequality.
Since they believed in the afterlife, during mummification they would put food, clothing, jewelry, pets, and sometimes the person's loved one would offer a sacrifice and be put in the sarcophagus with
The shrine of Tutankhamun uncovers the burial customs of the New Kingdom Egyptians. The Canopic Shrine positioned on the east wall of the Treasury holds Tutankhamun's embalmed internal organs. A gold chest held four Canopic jars containing the dead pharaoh's internal organs in each jar. Undoubtedly, through the process of mummification, the embalmers must have removed the internal organs and preserved them in the Canopic jars, perhaps to be taken with the pharaoh to the next world. The third and innermost of three coffins of Tutankhamun is made of solid gold and is inset with semiprecious stones and coloured glass. It is covered with carved decorations and inscriptions inside and outside. It bears the names and epitaph of the deceased king and also protective texts. From this we discover the significance of the importance of the decoration of the mummy was, and the power the coffin was believed to hold. Originally, mummification was so expensive that it was a privilege enjoyed only by the Pharaoh and few nobles. Everybody else was given a simple grave burial in one of the vast cemeteries or "necropolises" of the time. But the promise of eternal life was so appealing that it wasn't long before other classes of Egyptians began signing up for mummification, too.