Muscle Protein Synthesis Essay

The biological value in whey protein enhances the body’s ability to absorb essential amino acids after resistance training decreasing the athlete’s recovery time. When athletes combine whey protein and creatine monohydrate they expect “a greater increase in lean tissue mass and muscular strength than supplementations with whey protein alone” (Burke, Chilibeck, Davison, Candow, Farthing, & Smith-Palmer 2001, p 350). Exogenous Cr supplementation increases the body’s Cr levels until saturation occurs. This saturation of Cr increases the PCK shuttle continuum allowing training intensity, volume, and duration of the exercise the athlete is performing to continue at a maximum rate. Any excess Cr in the blood is cleared through sweat, urination or renal filtration. Measurements in strength and peak torques of athletes supplementing with whey protein and creatine monohydrate (WC), whey protein (W), and a placebo (P) were taken. According to Burke et al, (2001) “repeated measure analysis of variance was used to assess changes in body composition, strength, and peak torque for the three groups (WC vs. W vs. P) across time” (p. 354). A twelve week strength training program was constructed and consisted of a “4-day split routine involving whole body musculature” (Burke et al, 2001. p 352). Subjects used detailed training logs to compare progress over the 12 week experiment. The end result from this experiment shows that subjects who “supplemented with both creatine and whey

They discuss a few different studies that have been down, one of which was done by adding protein to a carbohydrate sports drink. In this study cyclists were given the carbohydrate sports drink, a placebo or the carbohydrate sports drink spiked with protein. In this study it was found that there was no benefit to having the additional protein in the drink during exercise. And although there have been studies with opposite results, they have yet to replicated (Gibala). They also discuss the importance of athletes finding receiving the best information when they are conducting their own research when it comes to protein. They suggest that athletes find credible sources when using the Internet and/or finding a certified

Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis is the process whereby DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) codes for the production of essential proteins, such as enzymes and hormones. Proteins are long chains of molecules called amino acids. Different proteins are made by using different sequences and varying numbers of amino acids. The smallest protein consists of fifty amino acids and the largest is about three thousand amino acids long. Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm of a cell but is controlled by DNA located in the nucleus.

Protein is a rich source of amino acids which stimulate the protein synthesis and contribute to the growth of muscle mass. The whey used is sourced by quality providers and we have received fantastic feedback regarding the taste of our product. For many people the taste of the nutritional supplements is highly important. We offer almost each product in different flavours so you can enjoy the taste whilst increasing your muscle power.

You have heard the popular saying, "History repeats itself." It appears that it applies to diets as well, because in actuality, high protein diets have appeared for over 40 years. In the 1960s the Atkins' Diet. In the 1970s, it was reincarnated as the Stillman Diet. Then, in the 1980s it surfaced again as the popular Scarsdale Diet. In each of these decades the high protein diet craze eventually died down because of the lack of scientific support and the publics trust in the guidelines put forth by our government. Despite high protein's questionable past and the repeated warnings by every major health institute in America, a new crop of high protein diet books, such as The Zone and Dr Atkin's New Diet Revolution has caught the public's attention again (4). To try to comprehend what the stir is all about we will examine one of the top selling books on the market today about protein diets, The Atkin's Diet.

The clinical study done by J. Bauer, S. Verlaan, I. Bautmans, and others was done to address the loss of muscle strength, mass, and physical performance correlated with age. The researchers wanted to test the effects of nutritional supplementation on improving mobility and muscular confinement by reducing the effects of sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is described as the loss of muscular strength, mobility, and tissue due to aging (Mostly found in elderly people). When aging, people experience sarcopenia, they will start to lose the ability to do tasks that require endurance and strength, which leads to the need for assisted care. Also, when elderly/aging people start to lose muscle mass and strength they will be prone to an increased risk of injury. Ingesting supplements such as essential vitamins and amino acids are fundamentally important in reducing the severity of sarcopenia. If the proper number of nutrients are not taken it may lead to an increase in the onset of sarcopenia which increases risk factors for overall health when aging. The researchers hypothesize that providing a targeted nutritional supplement containing whey protein enriched with leucine (~1.2g/kg BW/day) and vitamin D in a timely amount would result in the muscular and physical improvements independent of physical exercise. (Bauer et al. 741)

Athletes focused on maximizing muscle need considerably more PRO than the minimum daily allowance needed for health. The absolute minimum is 0.6g per pound of body mass and spread out over a time period of four meals every four hours in order to provide a consistent stream of amino acids to the muscle. Outside of these basic guidelines, an athlete will begin to lose muscle (Israetel, Case, & Hoffmann, 2014). Athletes with no organ health or metabolic issues do not have an upper limit to their PRO intake (Israetel, Case, & Hoffmann, 2014). The optimal daily intake of PRO, in order to promote MPS in hard-training individuals that are looking to enhance body composition, is 1g per pound of body mass. Any intake that strays too far away from this value will not yield “the highest margin of success in building muscle and sparing muscle while burning fat” (Israetel, Case, & Hoffmann, 2014, p. 12).

These products are sold without FDA approval of safety or effectiveness. In a study done by the Department of Exercise Science at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, an increase in body mass due to protein supplements was "most likely water retention in muscle but could also be due to some new muscle protein"(Clarkson 1999). Though athletes need more protein to keep a nitrogen balance, it is easily obtained in a normal diet. The Department of Pharmacy at Shands Hospital concludes that "protein supplementation can lead to dehydration, gout, liver and kidney damage, calcium loss, and gastrointestinal effects"(Beltz 1993).

Bodybuilding supplements are a genuinely new innovation that more individuals are using it consistently. Secondary school and college students, personal trainers, professional athletes, and every day people use these supplements all the time. These supplements support their physical performance in their sport. They permit them to have more stamina, vitality, control, and enhance their execution.[1] Even though there are some scientists who claim that these supplements are harmful and not safe to our bodies, the generality of nutrition scientists have proved that they are completely safe and healthy. Although there is still some debates and doubts about supplements safety, developing a better understanding about bodybuilding supplements like pre workout, post workout and protein supplements will help to clear away those doubts and reveal the truth.

The clinical study done by J. Bauer MD, PhD, S. Verlaan Msc, I. Bautmans, and others was done to address the loss of muscle strength, mass, and physical performance correlated with age. The researchers wanted to test the effects of nutritional supplementation on improving mobility and muscular confinement by reducing the effects of sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is described as the loss of muscular strength, mobility, and tissue due to aging.(Mostly found in elderly people) When aging people experience sarcopenia, they will start to lose the ability to do tasks that require endurance and strength, which leads to the need for assisted care. Also when elderly/aging people start to lose muscle mass and strength they will be prone to an increased risk of injury. Ingesting supplements such as essential vitamins and amino acids are fundamentally important in reducing the severity of sarcopenia. If the proper amount of nutrients are not taken it may lead to an increase in the onset of sarcopenia which increases risk factors for overall health when aging. The researchers hypothesize that providing a targeted nutritional supplement containing whey protein enriched with leucine (~1.2g/kg BW/day) and vitamin D in a timely amount would result in the muscular and physical improvements independent of physical exercise. (Bauer et al. 741)

Researchers took the blood samples and muscle biopsies of the 18 to track their muscle protein synthesis. Those who were given the egg yolks registered a 40 percent greater post-exercise response in building new muscle than the men given the egg whites.

This was calculated by using bodyweight x 1.8 = g/kg of protein. Athletes were in competition phase during the time of this study and could be the reasoning for the increased protein intake showing no significant difference. Philips & Van Loon (2011, p31) found that ‘increased protein needs for individuals engaging in resistance activities might be expected due to the need for extra dietary protein to synthesise new muscle or repair muscle damage’. Overall, females were consuming 136.3 g/day ± 58.4 compared to men who were consuming 146.7 g/day ± 70.5. Graph 3 shows the participants individual protein requirements vs. overall protein consumption.

Types of Protein Milk proteins are extensively studied regarding their role in exercise training adaptations (Hartman et al., 2007; Tang, Moore, Kujbida, Tarnopolsky, & Phillips, 2009). Ingestion of milk proteins following exercise is shown to accelerate muscle recovery, increase glycogen replenishment, and improve protein balance in a positive manner that allow for increases in muscular strength and hypertrophy (Cockburn, Stevenson, Hayes, Robson-Ansley, & Howatson, 2010; Hartman et al., 2007; Tang et al., 2009; Wojcik, Walberg-Rankin, Smith, & Gwazdauskas, 2001). Milk proteins also contain the greatest amount of leucine compared to plant based counterparts (L E Norton & Wilson, 2009). There are two classes of milk proteins, whey

Protein synthesis is one of the most fundamental biological processes. To start off, a protein is made in a ribosome. There are many cellular mechanisms involved with protein synthesis. Before the process of protein synthesis can be described, a person must know what proteins are made out of. There are four basic levels of protein organization. The first is primary structure, followed by secondary structure, then tertiary structure, and the last level is quaternary structure. Once someone understands the makeup of a protein, they can then begin to learn how elements can combine and go from genes to protein. There are two main processes that occur during protein synthesis, or peptide formation. One is transcription and

Proteins are widely used in the food industry as foaming and emulsifying agents (Wilde et al. 2004). They stabilize oil-in-water emulsions by forming an interfacial membrane where the adsorbed proteins unfold and rearrange their secondary and tertiary structures to expose hydrophobic residues to the hydrophobic phase (MacRitchie, 1978). Plant proteins are low cost, non-toxic, natural, biocompatible, and biodegradable polymers. In recent years, plant proteins have drawn increasing attention from the food and pharmaceutical industries as an alternative to animal proteins due to increased consumer concerns over the safety of animal-derived products (e.g., prion diseases) (Liu et al., 2010). Among plant proteins, soybean proteins are the