Musculoskeletal Physiology

Figure 8.1 Using Figure 8.1, match the following: 1) Periosteum. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 251; Fig. 8.3 2) Articular cartilage. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 251; Fig. 8.3 3) Joint (synovial) cavity. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 251; Fig. 8.3 4) Synovial membrane. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 251; Fig. 8.3

Abstract: In this experiment the measurements of skeletal muscle fibers of the rabbit are in millimeters. The average length for the three muscle fibers after adding the solution A which contained only 0.25% ATP in distilled water was 20 mm. The average length for the three muscle fibers after adding the solution C which contained 0.5M KCl and 0.001M MgCl2 in distilled water was 1.77 mm and the average length for the three muscle fibers after adding the solution B which contained 0.25 % ATP and 0.5 M KCl with 0.001 M Mgcl2 in water was 1.77 mm.

The Hematologic system is what carries nutrients to the tissues. It is important because our tissue needs nutrients along with the rest of our body. The nutrients filter through the spleen, liver and bone marrow. The hematologic system helps get the nutrients we need and to regulate our blood which is crucial in maintaining good health.

O B J E C T I V E S 1. To define these terms used in describing muscle physiology: multiple motor unit summation, maximal stimulus, treppe, wave summation, and tetanus. 2. To identify two ways that the mode of stimulation can affect muscle force production. 3. To plot a graph relating stimulus strength and twitch force to illustrate graded muscle response. 4. To explain how slow, smooth, sustained contraction is possible in a skeletal muscle. 5. To graphically understand the relationships between passive, active, and total forces. 6. To identify the conditions under which muscle contraction is isometric or isotonic. 7. To describe in terms of length and force the

According to Muir, Ye, Bhandari, Adachi, & Thabane (2013, p. 1) osteoporosis is a significant impediment to postmenopausal women and older men; it is a lifelong progressive, multi-faceted condition and the most prevalent metabolic disease in the United States. It can result in spinal deformities mainly thoracic kyphosis or flexed posture of the spine, as a consequence of weakening of the spinal vertebrae and back muscles. Once this type of flexed posture persists, an older individual is predisposed to numerous physiological and functional mobility problems, in other words, shortness of breath due to compression of the rib cage, leading to diminishing cardiopulmonary function. Similarly, flexed posture can affect a

As a whole, muscular dystrophy is a group of many different diseases causing muscle weakness and muscle loss in skeletal muscles that control movement of the body (Korschun, 2007). Each distinction of this genetic disease may affect different muscle groups and even have different symptoms. One thing these diseases have in common is that the person affected will lose more and more muscle as they age. Currently, there is no cure for muscular dystrophy but there is treatment that may help alleviate the pain and slowing the disease down (Muscular Dystrophy, n.d.).

One of the main causes of change in the human body is space is the lack of gravity because the body no longer needs to support its weight [1]. This leads not only to muscle loss but the loss of bone tissue as well [1]. Experiments were conducted on rats and some rats lost one third of muscle in particular areas after only seven to ten days [2]. Another experiment found that bone at certain areas was dissolving around 1-2% a month in astronauts [2]. After longer periods, this can jeopardize missions if the astronauts do not have enough muscle or their bones are not strong enough to move safely [2]. In order to prevent muscle and bone loss, NASA is using osteoporosis drugs and exercise [1]. Exercises include an hour of cardio and an hour of weightlifting everyday [2]. The exercise sends signals to the body to build muscle and bone, which resulted in astronauts returning with around the same amount of bone that they had before the mission [1]. Even with exercise, many astronauts are fairly weak when they return, some having trouble to walk [2].

-Introduce a management framework to help you to assess and treat a wide range of conditions based on a sound clinical reasoning

Another thing we need to consider is the complication of the physical part of our bodies. Being in a completely different environment with a change in gravity and external forces can have detrimental effects on the human body. Supposedly, one of the first physical effects astronauts experience in space travel is bone and muscle deterioration. And I can tell you, it’s one hell of a change. Only a month in, and I can already feel and see the difference in my body. Because the lack of gravity in my surroundings decreases load bearing exercise, (the complete opposite of what our bodies are normally used to), bones and muscles weaken, leading to my muscle atrophy. Similarly, just like our muscles, our bones are progressively weakening, comparable to osteoporosis. Cruz needs to be most careful out of all of us for this matter, since women in general have weaker bones than men. Not only that, but women are more susceptible to osteoporosis, so she has to take extra precaution. Overall, Lenny, Cruz and I are becoming more aware of the effects space travel has on our bodies. We can see how our arms, and legs are getting skinnier as time goes by. But going into this mission, we came prepared. We’ve determined we need to take extra supplements and vitamins to try and maintain our bodies composure, replenish our lack of nutrients, and ensure healthy body function. In addition to that, we’ve also been doing small exercises to train and stimulate our muscles to help regain muscle

Space travel is becoming more commonly talked about and could affect future generations, but it is important to know the effects on one’s body during space travel in order to make adjustments for the future to ensure the safety of the astronauts. I am hypothesizing that if humans are exposed to the conditions of space for a prolonged period of time, then calcium levels will drop in the body and bone loss will occur. Calcium, along with other hormones, are important for maintaining strong bones.

There’s no need for astronauts to walk, stand or lift in microgravity, and their muscles, particularly in their legs, atrophy. Underused, flabby leg muscles affect balance, posture and strength, and can increase the risk of tendonitis, injuries and accidents. Nutritional supplements may aid reduction of muscle mass. Astronauts currently exercise to help maintain their muscle mass.

The patient’s pain will make it more difficult to accomplish tasks like putting on a shirt or

The consequences of low demand on the tissue is referred to as joint immobilization. A study demonstrated on dogs over a four-week period has shown joint immobilization and tendon deprivation leads to the dysfunctional maturing of cartilage; these changes affect the biochemical, and biomechanical state of the breeding ground of proteoglycan and elastin fibers in the cartilage (Gentili). Where the density of the control dogs’ cartilage appeared smooth without signs of fraying, the dogs with splints exhibited deterioration of cartilage. These splints allowed limited knee motion but otherwise normal usage of the appendage generated by muscles. The thickness of the cartilage in especially the femur, tibia and patella was found to be the thinner by 9% (Jurvelin et al.). The immobilization significantly decreased the thickness of the hyaline cartilage at the summit of the medial condyle by 20% and the patellar surface of the femur by 19% (Haapala et al.). The immobilization period was stopped and the remobilization period began. This period lasted for 50 weeks. However, no significant change was noted in the medial condyle of the tibia or in the patella (Vanwanseele 53). The other areas tested in the femoral condyles were not observed to have change either. Conversely, the water content built up in many locations of the knee significantly decreased after one week

The musculoskeletal system is a made up of the muscular system and the skeletal system. The skeletal system provides the internal framework for the body, it protects the organs by enclosing it and anchors skeletal muscles so that the muscles can contract thus causing movement. The skeleton is divided into two divisions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton (Taylor & Cohen, 2013, p. 94). The Axial skeleton are the bones that have formed the longitudinal axis of the body which is made up of the skull, the vertebral column and the thoracic cage (Taylor & Cohen, 2013, p. 98). The Appendicular skeleton are the bones of limbs and griddles that are attached to the axial skeleton (Taylor & Cohen, 2013, p. 103).

Good Morning Mr. Brown, my name is Mona and I am a physician’s assistant. Thank you for coming in to meet with me today. Today I’ll be going over your recent lab work along with the results. The last time you were in to see the doctor he ordered testing for you that is known as a lipid panel or a cholesterol panel. A lipid panel is done to measure four main things which are your cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL