Musculoskeletal System Essay

D.Z., a 65-year-old man, is admitted to a medical floor for exacerbation of his chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; emphysema). He has a past medical history of hypertension, which has been well controlled by Enalapril (Vasotec) for the past 6 years. He has had pneumonia yearly for the past 3 years, and has been a 2-pack-a-day smoker for 38 years. He appears as a cachectic man who is experiencing difficulty breathing at rest. He reports cough productive of thick yellow-green sputum. D.Z. seems irritable and anxious; he complains of sleeping poorly and states that lately feels tired most of the time. His vital signs (VS) are 162/84, 124, 36, 102 F, SaO2 88%. His admitting diagnosis is an acute

D.Z.is a 65-year-old man admitted to medical ward with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; emphysema). Past medical history (PMH) indicates hypertension (HTN), well managed with enalapril (Vasotec) past six years, diagnosis (Dx) of pneumonia yearly for the past three years. D.Z. appears cachectic with difficulty breathing at rest. Patient reports productive cough with thick yellow-green sputum. He seems anxious and irritable during subjective data collection. He states, he has been a 2-pack-a-day smoker for 38 years. He complains of (c/o) insomnia and

According to the provider, the claimant's cough has been improved. His review of systems was positive for fatigue, malaise, sleep difficulty, shortness of breath, wheezes, and a cough. His blood pressure was 115/71 mmHg and his BMI was 30.35 kg/m2. The physical examination revealed wheezes. Clonazepam was prescribed for agitation. Atorvastatin, Nystatin, Citalopram, and a probiotic were prescribed. Continued use of Aspirin and a regular inhaler were suggested. Further, a follow-up visit with Endocrinology, Cardiology, and Pulmonology. As it relates to a spot in his lung, a repeat CT scan was recommended. The bronchial washes were negative for

As generally stated in the introduction, osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that involves the strength and integrity of one’s bones. The WHO defines osteoporosis as, “a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low-bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, increased bone fragility, and its susceptibly to recurrent fractures.” 2 The most important factor to take into account when addressing osteoporosis is the mass of bone, also referred to as, bone mineral density (BMD). As bone mass begins to decline, typically in the older population, specifically postmenopausal women, individuals are at an increased risk for fractures.3 As a result of this serious condition, many people are affected by morbidity, mortality, and economic difficulty.1

Patients with COPD become short of breath, hyperventilate and become very tired by using all efforts on respiratory and axillary muscles in order to breath and effects their activity of daily living such as walking up the stairs, putting on socks/shoes. On physical assessment, patient would be observed the appearance of the thoracic cage, for any deformity, an inadequate chest expansion and auscultation for adventitious sounds. Patients with COPD are often diagnosed with emphysema, where alveoli of the lungs damaged and these damaged tiny sacs cannot be seen directly in physical exam. There are diagnostic tests would be necessary to perform such as CT or X-ray scans of the chest. Additional tests would be performed to measure pulmonary function test, arterial blood gases and sputum collection if necessary to determine any bacteria growth in respiratory

All the systems in the human body are vital to our survival and well-being. If you take away the functions of just one of these systems our whole body will cease to work properly. The main systems of the human body are the nervous, endocrine respiratory, circulatory, immune, digestive, excretory, skeletal, muscular, and the reproductive systems. They all work together in harmony and unison to keep us alive.

6. The physician orders alendronate (Fosamax) 70mg/wk. what instructions should you give M.S. regarding alendronate?

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, also known as COPD, is the third leading cause of death in the United States. COPD includes extensive lungs diseases such as emphysema, non-reversible asthma, specific forms of bronchiectasis, and chronic bronchitis. This disease restricts the flow of air in and out of the lungs. Ways in which these limitations may occur include the loss of elasticity in the air sacs and throughout the airways, the destruction of the walls between air sacs, the inflammation or thickening of airway walls, or the overproduction of mucus in airways which can lead to blockage. Throughout this paper I am going to explain the main causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and ways to reduce COPD.

There are many different ways to diagnosis COPD such as pulmonary function tests, chest X-rays, CT scans, arterial blood gas analysis to measure the level of oxygen in the blood, laboratory tests, and spirometry. After COPD is diagnosed, there are different ways to apply the treatment for the patients with COPD. The most important step in treatment is that the patient has to stop smoking. The doctor’s orders require the patient to take bronchodilators that disperse the appropriate medication that relaxes the muscle that control the airway. Surgery is an option for some people with severe emphysema who are not helped by the other ways of treatment. Surgical options include lung volume reduction surgery, lung transplant, and bullectomy. In addition to the varieties of treatment, there is oxygen therapy (The Mayo Clinic, 2017). According to PubMed health states that sixteen million Americans have been diagnosed with COPD and 14 million have chronic bronchitis. 2 million people have emphysema. An example of a patient with COPD is a 65-year-old man admitted to the

Pulmonary Emphysema falls into the group of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It can be defined as when the airspaces away from the bronchioles become abnormally enlarged, and become permanent. There are many risk factors for this disease such as smoking, the most common. Many symptoms of this disease include rapid breathing that is abnormal, To evaluate if a person has emphysema, a CT scan is the best option because it is able to differentiate between different types compared to a chest x-ray, which is only used to eliminate other possible lung problems such as an infection. Unfortunately, there is no cure for emphysema, but treatment is used to preserve remaining lung tissue such as pulmonary rehabilitation, smoking cessation,

Ineffective breathing pattern related to decreased oxygen saturation, poor tissue perfusion, obesity, decreased air entry to bases of both lungs, gout and arthritic pain, decreased cardiac output, disease process of COPD, and stress as evidenced by shortness of breath, BMI > 30 abnormal breathing patterns (rapid, shallow breathing), abnormal skin colour (slightly purplish), excessive diaphoresis, nasal flaring and use of accessory muscles, statement of joint pain, oxygen saturations of 85-95% 2L NP, immobility 95% of the day, and adventitious sounds throughout lungs (crackles) secondary to CHF, hypertension, pain caused by gout and arthritis, and obesity

Patients chest x-ray result indicative of COPD as resulted of no route intrathoracic finding stable mild cardiomegaly stable COPD and emphysema type changes on the lungs with left lung atelectasis. Post-operative decrease in respiratory function are relative to left lung atelectasis and COPD resulting in hypercapnia respiration failure. Post-op change in mental status followed CT evaluation showing cat scan within normal limits, indicative in mental status is related to change in respiratory status.

According to Darby, this is characterized by chronic irreversible obstruction of airflow to and from the lungs. Spirometry is the test used to measure a person’s lung function and classify the COPD into stages. One sign or symptom of COPD is chronic bronchitis that intensifies in a person that smokes. Another sign or symptom would be a cough that a person has for many weeks and produces large amounts of sputum after the person’s cold is gone. Upper respiratory infections become worse and breathing gradually becomes more difficult and is brought on more easily. As the disease progresses a person may see change in mental state, headache, weakness, muscle tremors, or twitching. There is no cure for this disease and disease progression cannot be altered. Medication is simply used to give the patient a better quality of life and make breathing less difficult. Antibiotics may be used if there is a bacterial infection, bronchodilators are used as they are in people with asthma, and as the disease progresses more drugs are combine like a long acting beta2- agonist with an anticholinergic followed by mehylxanthine for clients that cannot get relief. At this point in the disease a client would have at home oxygen. When treating the client, as a dental professional it is important to seat the client in an upright or semi-supine position. The appointments should also be short for people with COPD. The dental professional should avoid using a rubber dam because this could make breathing even more difficult for the patient. Dental material of a powdery nature and the air polisher should also be avoided. High-speed suction should be used when using the ultrasonic scaler to eliminate aerosols that may be inhaled. If needed, the dental professional may offer oxygen to the client. If the client has emphysema, nitrous oxide should be avoided. Clients with disease may tire easily and

The human skeleton has 6 main functions that provide the body with good health. They are as follows:

The musculoskeletal system is a made up of the muscular system and the skeletal system. The skeletal system provides the internal framework for the body, it protects the organs by enclosing it and anchors skeletal muscles so that the muscles can contract thus causing movement. The skeleton is divided into two divisions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton (Taylor & Cohen, 2013, p. 94). The Axial skeleton are the bones that have formed the longitudinal axis of the body which is made up of the skull, the vertebral column and the thoracic cage (Taylor & Cohen, 2013, p. 98). The Appendicular skeleton are the bones of limbs and griddles that are attached to the axial skeleton (Taylor & Cohen, 2013, p. 103).