Music Through The Measurement Of Skin Conductance Level ( Scl )

The adrenal medulla is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system to release norepinephrane and epinephrine in response to stress.

There are numerous neurological changes occurring in our body as a response to fear. Specifically, two pathways are activated: the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal pathway. In a similar way, both pathways commence by receiving messages from the hypothalamus, an area of the brain responsible for many functions in the body, such as activating the autonomic nervous system, controlling different organs, and managing physiological functions. If the hypothalamus emits messages that we are facing a threatening situation, it will release different chemicals to either the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal pathway. This sympathetic nervous system are “nerve fibers of the autonomic

It works by the hypothalamus producing corticotrophin-releasing-hormone that. stimulates the pituitary gland to release adrenal-corticortrophic hormone. The adrenal-corticortrophic hormone alerts the adrenal glands to produce corticosterioid and glucocorticoids then it restarts. Also when the threat passes, cortisol levels fall and the parasympathetic nervous system dampens the stress response (Understanding the stress

Some common symptoms of GAD are difficulty concentrating; which leaves the individual incapable of focusing on things that may seen to be normal to others. Fatigue a feeling of being tired or with out energy to do daily things, Irritability; which can cause grouchiness and crankiness also the feeling of wanting to be left alone, GAD also can lead to long periods of restlessness, and at times sleeplessness (American Psychological Association, 1997)

and anxiety. GAD is common and it is the least studied of the anxiety disorders. A number of GAD follow-up studies completed after 1980

Pacemaker cells rhythmically produce electrical signals that will traverse through the heart and ultimately excite contractile cells. These electrical currents produced by pacemaker cells are large enough to be detected by recording electrodes on the skin, and thus an electrocardiogram (ECG) can be created. An ECG is made of three distinct components: the P-wave produced by atrial depolarization, the QRS complex produced by ventricular depolarization, and the T-wave produced by ventricular repolarization. Because the QRS complex has the largest amplitude and is easiest to detect, it was the ECG component chosen to be measured throughout the present experiment. Additionally, the rate at which QRS complexes are produced by the pacemaker cells in a given interval can be used to determine heart rate. Like the electrical activity of the brain, cardiac activity can vary in response to a multitude of different factors such as autonomic activity. In attempt to further explore the correlation between autonomic activity and emotion evoked by musical listening suggested by previous studies (Iwanaga et al., 2005; Orini et al., 2010), we measured heart rate and QRS complex amplitude as various music genres were being listened to. These experiments were conducted in order to better understand the physiological properties and mechanisms used by the human body to influence cardiac activity in response to various music genres being listened

In this lab, we tested the effect of different music genres on our subjects’ heart rates. We believed that faster, more intense music would energize the subjects, thus causing their heart rate to rise, whereas slow, calming music would relax our subjects, causing their heart rates to slow. The four genres of music we tested (our independent variable) were hard rock, fast classical, slow and quiet songs, and two songs they

The stress of feeling afraid and anxious causes the body to release cortisol (a steroid hormone). This continuous release of cortisol may damage the amygdala; thus, causing the absence of neurons once the child becomes an adult. For this reason, early diagnosis and intervention is essential.

Katzman (2009) briefly reviews the symptoms of GAD that make it so difficult to cope with. GAD is recognized by general excessive worrying, symptoms of hyper vigilance, hyper-arousal, and general nonspecific anxiety. These abstract symptoms often express themselves somatically as well. Tension, fatigue, chest pain, sleep disturbance, irritable bowel syndrome, and other significant co-morbid physical ailments, like heart disease and diabetes, are all ways GAD can be physically manifested. Cuijpers et al. (2014) elaborates on the ailments associated with GAD and emphasizes the restlessness, problems concentrating, and general autonomic nervous system arousal, all symptoms that deem it a "disabling mental disorder" (p. 131). Furthermore, a meta-analysis by Haller et al. (2014) reveals that participants with GAD experienced levels of distress that were significantly higher than controls and they also experienced a much lower level of functioning within the realm of daily psychosocial activities. Functional impairment and distress are highly reported within this population and is an essential criterion of the DSM

The second system that plays a large role in panic attacks is the hypothalamus. Along with the amygdala, the hypothalamus plays a key part in the autonomic function of the nervous system. It works to regulate homeostasis within the body as well as monitor behaviors such as drinking and eating. In the case of patients with social anxiety disorder, the hypothalamus constantly sends chemical signals to the sympathetic nervous system that can implement fight or flight response, which is often exemplified through states of panic and anxiety (Wilent, 2009). Again, with the help of the amygdala, these signals are activated through chemical receptors. Irregular stimulation of chemical receptors in the

Through observation of other studies, it was noted that the septohipocampal axis neurons were as the article mentioned, “activated when anxious behavior was induced by stress in mouse models” (Neith, 2014). The article goes on to point out that the LS is relatively near the hypothalamus and is thought to inhibit neurons in this region as well as the paraventricular nueuculus or PVN. As it turns out the PVN is well known for its control over the release of the stress hormone cortisol.

Music has been suggested to affect the body’s physiological patterns in many ways. A study done in 2003 (Yamamoto et. al) exemplified the wavering levels of neurotransmitters as the type of music was changed. When the participants listen to slow-rhythm music their plasma levels of norepinephrine decreased,

The subjects used in the experiment were 5 females and 5 males from McGill University. They were all in the 20-30 age range, and had over 8 years of music training each. Musicians were used because they were considered more likely to experience strong responses to music than the average person. These people were selected, as they reported feeling chills frequently and strongly after listening to certain

Introduction Research Topic: Music makes up a huge part of our life and its everywhere. From the music we listen to on the radio to our favorite artist. According to Doctor Bernardi, music does have any effect on how we feel (2007). Whether it makes us happy or sad, energetic or lazy, the effects of music are observable in our everyday life. Since there is an effect of music on our mood, my investigation will be see if there is a correlation between the genre of music and the heartrate, in humans. Aim: To investigate the effects of different genres of music, such as rock music and classical music, on the heart rate? Research Hypothesis: There is a relation between different music genres and heart rate; as heavier music genres such as rock will lead to a higher heart rate than the soft classical music. Scope of the research: Investigating the different effects of music genres on the pulse. By recording the responses of each participant, as the music moves from soft genres to hard genres. Genres such as Classical and Rock but the songs of each will have different tempos to each other to get accurate results. To see if the different types of genres of music create psychological responses of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart. The research will be done most primarily and partially secondarily. THE METHOD: Take participants aged 18 and below. Make 20 participants sit down and rest in a quiet environment. After sometime take the pulse of the each participant. This pulse

Music elicits an emotional and cognitive response in all who listen to it. It is powerful at the individual level because “it can induce multiple responses – physiological, movement, mood, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral” (Francis, 2008,