Mycelial Pathogen

Question 14: Given what you know about the transmission of cyclosporiasis, on what cultivation or harvesting practices would you focus in the investigation of the raspberry-producing

The first thing that was done in the Fruit Flies experiment was to prepare the food of the obtained fly food vials that were given by instructor Dr.Kang. The preparation to make the fruit flies vial with the food was to obtain a disposable plastic vial in which the fruit flies were maintained. As well as

The simulation on figure \ref{Fig:3} show the behaviour of the system of susceptible fruits, infected, ascomata and ascospores evolving in time. When the probability of the transmission $\beta$ was varying from $0.001055$ to $0.5$ the observation made agreed with $R_0$ on the basis that as $\beta$ increases so does the infective classes, that is, $I ~~and~~ P_A$ and inversely affects non-infectious $S ~~and~~ P_0$ population classes, during the initial stages the infected class of the host increased at an increasing rate up to a peak of 20000 and ascospores increased up to about 12000 where it reached its carrying capacity then both gradually decrease. We also observed that as the infectious classes were increasing, non-infectious classes were

My results were not what i expected, the results I got were a different fungus than I originally Isolated. The fungus were similar in color and how they grew but the end result was very different looking. Both the fruits I inoculated were the same fungus, and the first fungi inoculation and subculture were the same. The fruit had gotten contaminated before I covered them and it changed my results.

Fungi have emerged over the past several decades as major contributors to human disease.(1, 2) As populations of immunocompromised and/or hospitalized patients continue to increase, so will the incidence of invasive fungal infections. A recent study reported that fungemia in the United States increased by 207% between 1979 and 2000.(3) Moreover, as the populations at risk for fungal infection continue to expand, so will the spectrum of pathogens capable of infecting those individuals.

Ascospores can be produced with the help of 0.1 inch of rainfall and temperature of about 500 F. Ascospores are dispersed with the help of wind and primary infection takes place on the host. Secondary infection occurs through conidia, which are produced on infected plant parts (lesion) and dusty powdery growth appears on the surface with whitish mycelial growth. Conidia cause the secondary infection throughout the growing season. Infection can takes place in the temperatures from 590 F to 900 F, but the temperature from 680 to 770 F are optimum temperature for infection. Fungus can overwinter as mycelia inside the dormant bud, which produced disease shoot after breading bud. High relative humidity is conducive for conidia production, but rainfall is not good for infection that reduces the infection by this pathogen (Carrol et al.

They then gradually spread and form ring of necrotizing tissue (Sedlakova et al 2011). At first the plant will look healthy before the lesions are visible on the outside. This is also a challenge for the farmers because they will not know if their produce is unhealthy until it is visible. By the time they can cut of the plant the disease would have spread to the neighboring plants as well. P. infestans are produced through sexual and asexual mating. The two mating types are known as A1 and A2 ( Nowicki et al 2012). When mycelia of both types interact they produce oospores sexually. Mycelia is the branched filament of fungi (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2017). Oospores are spores that have a thick coating that allows them to survive harsh environmental conditions for a long period (Nowicki et al 2012). When both these types mate they produce a worse isolate compared to only if A1 mating occurs. The production of these more harmful isolates was detected by researchers in United States which has made controlling this pathogen more difficult (Fall et al 2015). Sporangia of P. infectans also produce zoospores through asexual mating. Sexual and asexual mating is influenced by the environment. Asexual is mating is encouraged when the weather is a warmer and oospores are produced in cooler weather hence for the thick coating of oospores.

In this essay I will be analysing micro organisms and disease. Firstly I will be defining micro organisms and then explaining the key features of the main categories of microorganisms. Followed by the roles of commensals and pathogens I will then go on to explain how micro organisms are transmitted and the routes of entry to and exit from the human body of micro organisms. I will also be explaining the logical sequence of events that occur from entry of a micro-organism to the body to the appearance of symptoms of a disease and then go onto discuss why not all infections lead to a disease. Finally I will explain a logical sequence the signs, symptoms and treatments of yellow fever which is an infectious disease.

Mushrooms are a good cash crop. It is easy to grow and is brimming with protein, B vitamins and minerals. They even have medicinal properties. Time between spawning and harvesting can be as short as three weeks. Furthermore, after the cultivation, you can still use the substrate as a good soil conditioner. Generally the oyster, shiitake and wood ear mushrooms cultivated .Although many other types of mushrooms can be grown, we have chosen oyster the ones that can easily be cultivated with using appropriate technology. When we choose to grow mushroom we should know the basic knowledge about mushroom. The biology, morphology, species, temperature ranges for fruiting, and market to sell.The life cycle of mushroom (Fungi) multiply by producing millions and millions of spores. When a spore settles in a suitable environment, it can germinate and branch to form a mycelium. When two sexually compatible mycelia meet, they may fuse to form a so-called secondary mycelium, which is capable of forming fruiting bodies.

Hyphae are very tiny and grow at the tip, dividing repeatedly along their length which create long, branching chains. The Hyphae will keep growing until a network of threads is formed. This is called a mycelium. It is less common yet still possible for fungi to produce spores sexually. Two mating cells from hyphae of different strains of fungi can fuse together and form a spore stalk, this is mating. The spores eventually burst causing the spores to drop in the same area or be carried by wind or rain to a new area. They will then germinate like seeds.

Analyses of macro and micro-morphological characteristics accommodated the isolate F.2.1.4 in the genus Myceliophthora due to the presence of spreading colonies with dense aerial mycelium and blastic conidia often borne in ampulliform swellings (Van Oorschot, 1980). Particularly, this isolate produced pulverulent pale mycelium, obovoid conida measuring 5.65-7.91 x 3.39-4.52 μm as well as conidia walls finely ornamented. Based on such

Puccinia psidii is a fungi, indigenous to Brazil. In 1884, it was first observed in the guava fruit and hence was named as guava rust. Later in 1934, the disease spread to Central America and Caribbean island causing a major devastation. The reason behind this spread is still unclear (Tommerup et al., 2003). This fungi is found in China, Southern and Central America, Japan, Africa and Australia (Jolanda Roux et al., 2013). It is notable that a similar type of fungi, ‘Puccinia asparagi’ causing rust entered New Zealand from Australia in 1973 (Viljanen et al., 2006).

Xanthomonas axonopodis is the bacterium which causes the sickness named Citrus canker that influences Citrus species. Because of contamination sores on the leaves, products of the soil can been seen on citrus trees including grapefruits,

Morphology: Encrusting thallus of 170 – 190 µm in diameter. It is rarely recorded as fruticose growth forms.

During 2013-2014 growing seasons, forty three isolates of Pestalotiopsis spp were recovered from guava leaves and fruits showed scab symptoms from different regions in EL-Beheira governorate. Five Pestalotiopsis species were recognized according to the morphological characteristics of fungal colony (Colony color, Size and number of acervulii) and conidia (Length, Width, and Color of median cells, Length and the number of apical and basal appendages); they were P. psidii, P. microspora, P. clavispora, P. neglecta and Pestalotiosis sp. All the isolates recovered were pathogenic to the cv. Balady of guava fruits. However, P.psidii isolates were the most highly pathogenic followed by P. neglecta, P. clavispora, P. microspora and Pestalotiopsis sp, respectively. RAPD-PCR analysis using five random oligonucleotide primers revealed DNA fingerprints and considerable variations were revealed with primers tested. Bar marker showed a common band for all Pestalotiopsis isolates and species at 500bp, while BAQ, 18 and A9B4 exhibited banding pattern similar for all isolates of the same species which were different from that of the other species. Scab disease control of infected fruits by chitosan as s natural product was tested. The in vitro 2.5% chitosan application significantly inhibited the growth of Pestalotiopsis spp tested by 86.53% on agar plates.