Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Fatigue: The growth and development of red blood cells in the bone marrow may be suppressed while having increase in the number of malignant plasma cells, which then cause low levels of red blood cells in the blood. This condition, know as anemia, can result in unusual fatigue or weakness.

Anemia is a disorder of the blood. It occurs when your body does not produce enough erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs). Without the erythrocytes oxygen can not be adequately delivered to the tissues and organs throughout the body. This will cause you to become weak and tired. A person may also experience headaches, skin pallor, and faintness. Your body may attempt to compensate for these symptoms by speeding up the heart rate and respiratory rate. This is the body’s attempt to return oxygen levels to normal(Thibodeau and Patton, 2005).

Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells. These cells are the main transporters of oxygen to organs. If red blood cells are also deficient in hemoglobin, then your body isn't getting enough oxygen. For this reason, doctors sometimes describe someone with anemia as having a low blood count. A person who has anemia is called anemic. It can reduce your quality of life and increase your risk of death. Anemia is the most common blood condition in the U.S. It affects about 3.5 million Americans (E medicine 1). Women and people with chronic diseases are at increased risk of anemia (Mayo Clinic 1). Certain forms of anemia are hereditary and infants may be affected from the time of birth. Women in the

Mr. Jacobs is a very pleasant, 69-year-old gentleman who presents to the oncology clinic for evaluation and treatment of a myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts in transformation RAEB-2. Patient states he was in a normal state of health until 01/2017 when he was evaluated to have anemia and leukopenia. He was referred to a hematologist/oncologist and underwent a bone marrow biopsy. The results revealed a mild dysplastic syndrome with excess blasts in transformation RAEB-2. Flow cytometry showed 11% myeloblasts. He was subsequently given one unit of packed red blood cells and started on erythropoietin every three weeks

There are 13,000 people diagnosed each year with Myelodysplastic syndrome in America. Robin Roberts is just one of those many people (American Cancer Society).

The normal platet count is 150,000 to 200,000, but when i was hospitalized my platelet count was at a signicantly low level of 3,000.

The clinical presentation of patients with aplastic anemia includes symptoms related to the decrease in bone marrow production of hematopoietic cells. Specific manifestations include pallor, headache, palpitations, dyspnea, fatigue, or ankle edema (Porth, 2015). Signs and symptoms of aplastic anemia may include nosebleeds and bleeding gums, frequent or prolonged infections, and pharyngeal ulcerations. Patients with aplastic anemia commonly present with symptoms of pallor, headache, palpitations, dyspnea, easy bruising and fatigue (Porth, 2015). Other symptoms include visual disturbance due to retinal hemorrhage, petechial rashes, SOB with exertion, dizziness (Porth, 2015). Patients with aplastic anemia also present with jaundice and evidence of clinical hepatitis (Porth, 2015). Obtaining work history, solvent exposure, as well as a family, environmental, and infectious disease history (Musser, 2006). The clinical presentation of

Immune thrombocytopenia, or ITP, is caused when the body's bone marrow does not make enough thrombocytes, or platelets, and this can lead to several complications. Thrombocytopenia is thought to be caused by an autoimmune response because your own body is attacking its own platelets. The complications that can occur as a result of ITP include internal bleeding or external bleeding. A sign of thrombocytopenia is purpura, or bruises that appear under the skin as a result of bleeding from blood vessels under the skin. People with immune thrombocytopenia usually have nose bleeds, bleeding from the gums, or excessive bleeding that is hard to stop. Excessive bleeding can also lead to hematomas in patients as well. There is

The body views the platelets as a foreign body and causes a response that produces antibodies that marks the spleen to destroy and remove the platelets. The platelet count is affected by antibodies produced by individuals with ITP. The antibody produced covers the surface of the platelets making them easily destructible by macrophages. Once the macrophages destroy the platelets faster than they are produced, the number of platelets are greatly reduced causing a decrease in blood clotting.

Platelets are small fragments of cells. Platelets process coagulation. This is done by them gathering at the site of an injury and in turn sticking to the lining of the injured blood vessel. This is a platform on which blood coagulations occur, resulting in the formation of a fibrin clot. This covers the wound and prevents blood from leaking out. Fibrin also forms the initial building blocks from which new tissue are formed, in- turn promoting the healing process. If there is an imbalance, for example to high of a number of platelets may result in clotting not necessary in the body that can lead to health risks or a lower than normal counts can lead to extensive bleeding. So they protect us by clotting and aiding in healing by producing

There is no fixed platelet count threshold in ICU patients that signals platelet transfusion (93), but because of hemorrhage fear there is a widespread notion that the platelet count should be maintained over 100X109/L in massive bleeding or when bleeding occurs at dangerous sites such as in intracranial hemorrhage (94).

At least 20 metaphases were analyzed whenever possible. Clonal abnormalities were defined as two or more cells with the same chromosomal gain or structural rearrangement or at least three cells with the same chromosome deletion. Karyotypes were recorded according to the International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN) 2013.14

Anemia is a blood disorder where patients do not receive sufficient oxygen due to an insufficient amount of red blood cells. It is considered the most common blood disorder. Anemia often a byproduct of other diseases/conditions has the ability to disrupt the body's ability to produce healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells (RBCs) are one of three types of blood cells that are produced in bone marrow from a process called hematopoiesis. Red Blood cells are important for are our body; they use hemoglobin an iron containing protein. Hemoglobin is very important because it contains four oxygen molecules which deliver oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Anemia can be divided into three different categories based off the cause. The groups include:

Giant Platelet Syndrome, also known as Bernard-Soulier Syndrome, is a condition “in which the platelets lack the ability to stick adequately to injured blood vessel walls” (MedicineNet.com). It is “a rare inherited bleeding disorder caused by abnormal platelets and subsequent abnormal clotting” that is “transmitted in an autosomal recessive pattern.” Jean Bernard and Jean-Pierre Soulier, two French hematologist, discovered this condition in 1948 while treating a patient who was excessively bleeding. This patient had relatively larger but fewer platelets than a normal individual would which resulted in a longer bleeding duration. The Bernard-Soulier Syndrome is characterized by thrombocytopenia, a shortage of platelet in the blood, which causes

Diagnosing prothrombotic diseases early and preventing its complications are significantly essential. Therefore, this study sought to investigate whether MPV contain diagnostic value that can prompt it to be utilized as a platelet activation marker and as marker of evidence of thrombotic risk. Platelet activation is widely acknowledged to be an indicator of likely prothrombotic diseases. Platelet size, measured as MPV, has been shown to be an indicator of platelet function and is positively linked to platelet activity indicators (Tsiara et al., 2003). The correlation between platelet size and function can be attributed to the larger platelets that activated megakaryocyte produce in the bone marrow likely to be more reactive and easier to aggregate than the normal platelets. Such is because the larger platelets secret more β-thromboglobulin and serotonin, have denser granules, generate more thromboxane in comparison to the smaller platelets while also showing more activity than the smaller platelets (Dastjerdi et al., 2006). Therefore, the hyperactive large platelets contribute considerably in speeding the formation and spread of intracoronary thrombus. This causes acute thrombotic events to occur (Smith et al., 1999). Increased MPV levels are exhibited to constitute an independent predictor for recurrent MI, ischemic vascular events or even death caused by coronary artery disease (Wang et al., 2011; Chu et al., 2010; Huczek et al., 2005). Dogan et al. (2012) linked MPV