N-Pentane Lab Report

Ratios of the reactants that are not the stoichiometric ratio provided by the balanced equation leave behind excess reactants. The stoichiometric ratios provided by the balanced equation prevent the formation of limiting and excess reactants for the exact amounts required are present and the reaction can be completed, yielding the most possible product and thus proving most effective. This combustion reaction is used to produce the explosive energy of the space shuttle and serve as a source of continuous energy for fuel cells in electric vehicles. In this lab, the same reaction was used to launch micro rockets off a launch pad to simulate the way explosive energy is generated to launch space shuttles. Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that make use of hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity as well as water and heat as byproducts.

Following the instructions from the Biofuel Enzyme Kit, we performed a baseline experiment in which all factors remained constant except time in order to establish a control for absorbance and concentrations of p-nitrophenol. We then used this information to determine the Vo and the other concentrations in order to form a graph. On a molecular level, since the temperature, pH, inhibitor,

Atomic Number: 7 Atomic Weight: 14.0067 Melting Point: -346.00°F Boiling Point: -320.44° F Density: 0.0012506 g/cubic cm Elemental State at Room Temperature: Gas Element Classification: Non-metal Introduction Nitrogen was discovered in 1772 by Daniel Rutherford. It is one of the most bountiful elements to exist. Nitrogen gas makes up 79.09% of the earth's atmosphere weighing over 4 trillion tons. It is created from liquefied air by the process known as fractional distillation.

As is common for most alcohols used in gasoline, methanol is fully soluble in water and also miscible with gasoline-type hydrocarbons. Some cosolvent alcohols (ethanol, propanols, or butanols) are generally required in the methanol premix used for gasoline blends to provide adequate water tolerance (solubility) or phase stability where colder temperature conditions are experienced during the year. Similar to most gasolines and other alcohol fuel blends, inhibitors or additives are recommended for fuel methanol to provide added protection against corrosion of fue system metal parts and components. Properly blended gasoline with fuel methanol is typically compatible with materials commonly used in gasoline distribution systems as well as vehicle fuel systems. In general, the fuel methanol premix is handled in a similar manner as gasoline or gasoline blending components with the exception of added precaution to keep the fuel methanol premix from being exposed to any water or moisture. Methanol gasoline blends have been successfully shipped commercially in barges, pipelines, and tanker trucks similar to conventional gasoline. As discussed later, because of methanol’s affinity for water, some precautions

Aniline derivatives (4 mmol) or 1,8-diaminonaphthalene derivative will dissolved in 20 mL hydrochloric acid (1 M) and stirred with magnetic stirrer for one hour. 20 mL hydrochloric acid (1 M) will be used to dissolve ammonium persulfate (4 mmol) and magnetically stirred for one hour. Then the ammonium persulfate solution will be added into the aniline derivative or 1,8-diaminonaphthalene derivative solution and will be left at room temperature for 6-9 hours. Finally, the precipitate will be collected and washed several times by acetone and distilled water. The obtained compounds (pure polyanilines or polynaphthylamines) will be dried at ambient temperature for 24

This report will explore the energy release (or enthalpy change) when four different alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol) were burned. When these alcohols are burned, the chemical energy in their bonds is transferred into kinetic and thermal energy by heating water in a beaker. The rise in temperature of the water allows us to calculate the enthalpy change when each alcohol is burned in KJ mol-1.

DMF is utilized as an octane improver for fuel. As an option biofuel, DMF shows various appealing elements. DMF has a 20 K higher breaking point. DMF has a high research octane number (101), which will take into account the utilization of high motor pressure proportions for enhanced mileage. DMF is steady away and insoluble in water. Consequently, it won 't get tainted through water retention from the air (in contrast with the high miscibility of ethanol). DMF expends stand out third of the vitality in the vanishing

NADH regeneration technologies have made numerous advances in recent decades(2). The most adopted technology by industry is for this purpose is the enzymatic regeneration of NADH. However, current enzymatic methods are technically difficult to execute and are not applicable to all biosynthetic transformations. These methods require a suitable enzyme to couple to the co-substrate, engineering an efficient separation strategy plus ultimately designing a rational reaction route(2-5). Moreover, these methods require excess amounts of sacrificial electron donors (e.g. 1,4-butanediol, ethanol, isopropanol) and the corresponding products are discarded as waste also, many result in the production CO2.

Thus, it is for commercial acceptance the peroxide. The use of DTBP produces substantial reductions in the soluble organic fraction of the based cetane improvement additives must be stable, thermally and oxidative, at actual use temperatures. The thermal stability of DTBP was demonstrated by determining the effects of heating on the treated fuels and also by measurement of the decomposition rates in a low sulfur diesel fuel! A fuel treated with DTBP showed no statistically significant loss in cetane number after heating for 100 hours at 92°C. The half-life for DTBP at 70°C in diesel fuel is in excess of 10,000 hours, with greater than 97% of the additive remaining after nearly 700 hours. Even at lOOnC, the half-life of DTBP in diesel fuel is over 300 hours. Even though the rate of thermal decomposition of the peroxide is five to ten times faster than the nitrate, the peroxide additive is very stable under typical fuel system temperatures. Stability of DTBP was demonstrated by the standard ASTM methods. Both the accelerated oxidative stability test (D274)12 and the long term storage stability test (D4625)13 did not show any gum formation in most of the diesel fuels tested. In some, inherently unstable

Abstract Diesel properties determined by ASTM reference methods as cetane index, density, viscosity, distillation temperatures at 50% (T50) and 85% (T85) recovery, and the

Farid (2005) conducted experiment of 2,7- dimethyl octane (2,7-DMO), a lightly branched isomer of decane, in Drexel PFR facility, to investigate the low temperature combustion. The effort resulted in an updated version of the 2,7-DME mechanism, improving some of the key features such as calculated CO2 profile and final yield of iso-butene over the

Abstract: Ignition delay times were measured behind reflect shock waves for the lean DME/n-pentane fuel blends with DME blending ratios from 0% to 100% over a wide range of conditions: pressures from 2 to 20 atm, temperatures from 1100 to 1600 K and equivalence ratio of 0.5. Correlations of ignition delay times of DME/n-pentane were deduced from the experimental data using multiple linear regression. Comparison between measured ignition delay times and numerical predictions by five available kinetic mechanisms, namely NUI Galway pentane isomer model, JetSurF2.0 model, LLNL n-alkanes Model, NUI Galway Mech_56.54 Model and Wang’s DME model, was conducted. NUI Galway pentane isomer model shows good predictions for ignition delay times of DME, n-pentane and their blends which was conducted in this study to interpret the effect of DME addition on the ignition chemistry of n-pentane.

Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) reacts more slowly with CO2 compared to H2S than the previously described amines [ ]. It formed a slightly different salt with CO2 compared to those of the other amines. The difference in the rates of reaction against H2S and CO2 has given MDEA a desirable feature over other amines, especially highly selective towards H2S compared to CO2. Moreover, MDEA is also less corrosive compared to the MEA and DEA.

The experimental runs were obtained at atmospheric pressure in the dual reaction system operated within the temperature range of 350 to 5500C, catalyst weight of 0.5 to 4.5 g and nitrogen flowrate of 3 to 10 ml /min.

Direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engines are relatively new to the large scale commercial market, and are slowly becoming more widespread. The demands for higher performance whilst realizing lower fuel consumption and maintaining cleaner emissions, have the potential to be met by the direct injection spark ignition engine[2]. The thermodynamic potential of DISI engines