NASS

Muslims controlled the trade routes in Mali which made it easier for Battuta in order to maneuver around the empire because of the fact that he is also a Muslim and traveled throughout the Islamic world. Some Malians would use salt as a medium of exchange even though gold and silver were used mostly everywhere else. Gold, copper, salt, kola nuts, and spices were immensely crucial to the Malian economy, its gold is very important around the world. Battuta explains on the occasion of former king of Mali Mansa Musa went to Cairo two years prior before him and the king “flooded Cairo with his kindness” which would upset their gold market for many years. Social inequality was an issue in Mali, prisoners that were capture were made into slaves, especially women, they were gathers and served as concubines for example, Battuta illustrates how women servants and slaves girls are practically naked in front of everyone including Mansa Suleyman daughters. Men either hunt or maintain the structure of the house. Battuta also expressed his dislike of the way Malian’s were not ritually slaughtering their animals. However he praises how clean the natives are in the mosque on Fridays and memorizing the Quran by

A piece of evidence that impacts the whole document and King Affonso’s concern is that he mentions quiet frankly that he does not want his people or his noblemen taken from his land and sold into slavery. King Affonso pretty much implies that the Portuguese can go and take all the people that they want as long as they do not belong to his kingdom. The text is focused on a letter that is written by the highest authority whom had agreed to trading with these Portuguese but it does not inform on the thoughts of actually civilians experiencing and eye witnessing what is happening nor does it show any response of the King of Portugal. In order to really find out what is really going on, it is important to understand all sides to really make a thorough conclusion of any sort of bias.

o Pages 35-36 Santiago refers to the Portuguese man-of-war as a “whore” because they “were beautiful…but were the falsest thing in the sea and the old man loved to see the big sea turtles eating them.”

The Portuguese first made contact with the Kongolese in the 1400s sparking a long and varied relationship between the two kingdoms. In order to better understand how this relationship played a part in the trade, colonization, and warfare of this region of Africa, the following paper will discuss the relationship between the Kongolese and the Portuguese up until the Battle of Mbwila, what occurred at the Battle of Mbwila, and how this battle effectively destroyed the Kingdom of Kongo in the latter part of the 17th century.

Hailing from the African state of Ndongo and born in 1581 during the start of Luandan disagreement with Portuguese settlers (Toler 265), Queen Nzinga of the African Mbundu tribe stood up for her country and reestablished power over her people. Nzinga came in a time period that needed her. She got her country of Matamba (present day Angola) equal, both economically and socially, to the Portuguese. In order to do this, Nzinga took measures to place herself in the right position to eventually seize rule and steer her country in the right direction, even though it prompted a steady flow of opposition from her enemies. These initial enemies included the Imbangala tribes and irritated Portuguese Settlers, both of which she succeeded in

This difference of interest soon created conflict between Afonso and the Portuguese. "The slave trade, greedily aided by local chiefs, gradually undermined the authority of the king, and twenty-five years after Afonso's death the state succumbed to the onslaught of the Jaga, a belligerent horde of nomads from the east" (Microsoft 4). "With Portuguese help, the invaders were finally ousted, but by this time the life had gone out of the ravaged kingdom" (July 155).

Imagine you have just completed a trip through the early kingdoms and city-states of East, Central, and South Africa. Your family and friends ask you about the trip. Your task is to give them an oral history of your experience. You may choose to write your account, record it, or make a video. Remember, your family and friends will share your story and pass it on to future generations, like oral historians in Africa. Make it fascinating! No one wants to hear a boring story.

The journey of Mansa Musa was a long and famous journey that took place in the northern part of Africa. However, the journey was not just a religious venture, but one to show off Mansa Musa’s wealth, to establish trade partners, and to

    Mali already controlled the trans-Saharan trade routes between the salt deposits of Taghaza in the north and the gold-bearing lands of Wangara in the south. During Mansa Musa’s reign, Mali strengthened its control of the trade routes by gaining important cities such as Gao and Timbuktu, on and near the Niger River and Walata. His forces expanded westward to the Atlantic coast of Takrur and eastward beyond the Middle Niger. Trade and ideas flowed freely between Mali, North Africa, Spain, Egypt and Arabia. Muslim traders plied the desert with their caravans carrying brass work from Spain, brocades from Egypt, precious stones from India and returned with gold, salt, cola nuts and ivory. Mansa Mūsā, whose empire was one of the largest in the world at that time, is reported to have observed that it would take a year to travel from one end of his empire to the other. As he gained power, he adopted many titles such as ‘Emir of Melle’, ‘Lord of the Mines of Wangara’ and ‘Conqueror of Ghanata’. He established diplomatic ties with North Africa that facilitated unprecedented Trans-Sahara trade which further enriched his kingdom and ushered in prosperity

The world is changing, and with that, the Maasai must change. The governments of Kenya and Tanzania do not support the Maasai lifestyle and have come close to causing the traditions to completely dwindle away. The Maasai used to have free reign in their area of the East Africa, but land allocation has interfered with this freedom (“Maasai”). There is still so much that can be learned from the Maasai, and as we continue to study their culture, we can begin to truly understand the warriors of the

What was the purpose of Mansa Musa’s hajj? The ancient kingdom of Mali was located in West Africa, and Mansa Musa ruled there from 1312-1337. Mansa Musa was an intelligent ruler. In order to organize and protect his empire, he divided the empire into provinces that had a governor, and maintained a large army to ensure safety. The purpose of the hajj was that, “…Mecca was an important duty of Islam,” (Background).

In this source, the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), or suffragists, appeal for women to be given the vote. From this source, some of the aims of the NUWSS and their methods for gathering support are evident, and something can be inferred of the type of opposition being faced by the suffragists in their fight for suffrage.

The Bantu stopped migrating during the first century CE and started to form complex government for the settled villages they already had. Stateless societies are forms of government that are not run by a hierarchy, but rather through family or kinship groups. The start of these family based government systems influenced the development of villages, districts, city-states, and small and large kingdoms. The Swahili tribe originating off of the eastern cost of Sub-Saharan Africa was a prime example of Bantu government. Being Bantu themselves, the Swahili show how the Bantu spread not only government, but also societies as a whole. Just as the Bantus' influence on developing Africa, kinship groups, or family based governing systems, started out small and eventually grew into massive kingdoms ruling and influencing entire regions. As in many other places throughout the world, kingdoms brought a need for protection from neighboring regions. The Bantu seeded the beginnings of African societies, along with starting military development and growth throughout southern Africa.

Deep in the Mukogodo forest located in west central Kenya is where you will find the last of the Mukogodo people. Throughout history there have been significant changes for the Mukogodo people as they try to transition their culture and ethnicity to be Maasai. Before the transition in the early 1920’s to Maasai, Mukogodos were foraging, bee keeping people with their language, Yaaku, and lived in rock caves. Now they are pastoralists who speak only Maa, and no longer live in caves. Sadly even after all the changes they have made, Mukogodos are still not accepted as Maasai and are viewed as the bottom rung of the regional hierarchy.

According to anthropologist Carlo Cippolla, "When Albuquerque attacked Malacca in 1511 he told his officers that they had to exert themselves in battle because of two reasons: 'the great service we shall perform to the lord in casting the Moors out of the country. …and the service we shall render to the King Don Manoel in taking this city because it is the source of all the spiceries and drugs" (Cippolla 1) During the ensuing battles and confrontations the native