Nanoparticles Essay

To increase both safety and to make drug delivery easy within the body, chemical engineering and biomedical communities have devised a variety of improved drug delivery techniques.

Among other approaches tried by scientists, colloidal systems like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles etc., have shown promise but not many products have made it to the market (7). Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems are gaining much popularity in recent years. Among these, nanoparticulate drug delivery systems from biodegradable and biocompatible polymer are an interesting option for controlled drug delivery and drug targeting (8). Amongst the various drug-delivery systems, solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carrier (NLCs) are potentially attractive choices due to their natural components and easily scaled-up formulation processes. In addition, their hydrophobic core provides a suitable environment for entrapment of hydrophobic drugs (9). Among the important technological advantages of nanoparticles as drug carriers are: high stability (i.e. long shelf life), high carrier capacity (i.e. many drug molecules can be incorporated into the particle matrix), feasibility of incorporation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, and feasibility of variable routes of administration (10). NLCs are kind of lipid-based nanoparticles, which has the advantages of biodegradable, brain targeting, well-recognized safety profile by drastically reducing drug-related toxicities through reduction of nonspecific biodistribution (11). NLCs consist of an unstructured solid lipid

Nanoparticles (1 000 000 times smaller than a millimetre) are manifesting to be a great success in nanomedicine’s discovery of supplementary methods of fighting against superbugs. At the University of Colorado, researchers have utilized nanoscale quantum dots, which are “miniscule semiconductor particles with specific light-absorption properties, to kill drug-resistant superbugs without harming the surrounding healthy tissue,” (Nagpal, 2017: para. 2). Nanoscale quantum dots that are activated by a light source perturb the balance of chemical processes in threatening bacteria that would kill them.

Many molecules, particularly peptides and polypeptides are physically embedded in polymers to create a complex network of interconnecting pores through which the drug could subsequently diffuse. The pore structure and polymer composition is controlled in order to design systems that release the drug at nearly any rate and for nearly

Nanocarriers (NCs) have emerged as a favored drug delivery approach towards improving the anticancer benefits of several bioactives for cancer therapy with recent reports showing the application of NC systems in clinical settings [18]. The NCs with size < 100 nm have been associated with enhanced permeation and retention effect (EPR) due to the presence of leaky vasculature in the tumor tissues which contributes to its enhanced efficacy. Also recently, NCs have shown to be effective in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma [19]. A recent study by Kanai et al. showed that the NC albumin-bound paclitaxel and carboplatin (nabPC) repetitively achieved tumor regression in malignant mesothelioma

The venerable Honora “Nano” Nagle, foundress of the Presentation Sisters in the mid-18th century, was an Irish woman who responded to the needs of the impoverished and oppressed Catholic community, leaving an enduring legacy of education and service to the poor. Credited as being a pioneer of Catholic education in Ireland, Nano Nagle inspired her closest companions to form a community called the Society for the Charitable Instruction of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and their enduring legacy can be observed through the work of the Presentation sisters around the world. The plight of the poor in Dublin from the 1740’s inspired her generosity and assistance of the marginalized and this commitment to service continues throughout the world today through her Ode and those who support them.

Example-2: Nelfinavir-PLGA NPs were prepared by nanoprecipitation method. Drug:polymer weight ratio was varied from 1:1 to 1:5 and particle size, encapsulation efficiency and drug loading were measured. Among the drug:polymer weight ratios prepared, 1:4 ratio was chosen as optimal. NPs found to exhibit sustained drug release up to 24 h and there was a 4.94-fold increase in relative bioavailability compared to pure drug (Venkatesh et al. 2015).

Working with nanoparticles is critical due to its nanoscale; they should be handled carefully considering safety

Pharmacokinetic analysis suggests that the orally administered nanoemulsions had a higher rate of absorption and the concentration of the drug in the brain and plasma was the highest. Formulation: The drug nanoemulsion was prepared by adding 50% of the drug solution (with dehydrated ethanol) to one ml of safflower oil and it was stirred for the oil drug mixture to distribute homogenously and for all the ethanol to evaporate. Deionized distilled water (contains egg phosphatidylcholine) and deoxycholic acid.(40mg) make up the aqueous phase. Both the phases are heated at 70oc separately. The oil phase was slowly added to the aqueous phase and stirred well. The mixture was then sonicated (21% amplitude and 50%duty cycle). The mixture formed (drug containing nanoemulsion) was then filtered and stored at 4oc.Preparation of aqueous suspension was made using 3H Labeled drug and unlabeled drug in ethanol along with Deionized distilled water (contains egg phosphatidylcholine) and deoxycholic acid. The suspension was sonicated in order to lessen the particle size [2]. An example is Saquinavir (anti-HIV inhibitor) showed enhanced oral absorption and increased concentration of drug in the brain when incorporated in a nanoemulsion

In this study, published in the scientific journal Advanced Materials, Quanyin Hu has created a better way to administer doxorubicin and TRAIL, two anticancer drugs. By using platelets, part of the blood that aids in clotting, to mask the foreign drugs from the body's defense system, these bioengineers caused the drugs to stay in the body for a longer amount of time when compared to the amount of time non-platelet covered anticancer drugs stayed in the body. The results of this experiment showed that platelet covered anticancer drugs stayed in the body longer than the same anticancer drugs surrounded by a nano-gel system. In this experiment, the dependent variable was the amount of time the anticancer drugs stayed in the body of a mouse.

Nanotechnology is a novel technology what generally deals with structures and systems with a size less than 100nm. [1] Due to its unique tiny size, the properties are quite different from bulk properties include physical properties, chemistry properties, biological properties. For example, gold in bulk form is inert, but in nano scale, it tends to be very active. Moreover, different sizes, structures, and surface areas of gold nanoparticles make it exhibit different colors.

The following section will be describing the atom and all of the particles that make it up. It will start off with what protons, neutrons, and electrons are. This will describe where they are in the atom and what their relative sizes respective one another are. This section will end off with the charges of all of these particles and the total number of all of these particles for every element inside of the carbon family. The entire section will be based off of the particles that make up an atom and more details about them such as their location.

In the past, delivery of biotherapeutics has shown limited success due to the immunogenicity caused by the delivery vectors [154] (were the scientist were using the virus as a vector). Inclusion of biotherapeutics in NP delivery systems has promise as biocompatible polymer-coated NPs provide protection against inhibitive immune responses and targeted delivery of these therapeutic agents. Typically, for gene therapy, NPs are coated with a cationic polymer that encapsulates or binds DNA or siRNA as the positive charge of this layer allows for favorable electrostatic interactions with negatively charged nucleic acids [155]. The conjugating of NPs with peptides is other design considerations for DNA delivery to the cell nucleus for the successful transfection of genetic material. This is usually accomplished by conjugating peptides that

Nanotechnology is the development of atoms in a certain object. Nanotechnology has become very popular in the past few years. It is a way to rebuild the systems of life. To make systems move faster than ever before. Nanometer is about 10 times the size of an atom. Each of these has a huge effect on a system. Still there are questions out there that keep people wondering how important nanotechnology is to us. Many wonder how will it affect them and if we should continue this research. I myself wondered about nanotechnology. After researching this topic I have learned new and interesting facts to help me understand the entire concept.

“The prefix ‘nano’ stems from the ancient Greek word for ‘dwarf’. In science, it means one billionth (10 to the minus 9) of something, thus a nanometer (nm) is one billionth of a meter, or 0.000000001 meters. A nanometer is about three to five atoms wide, or some 40,000 times smaller than the thickness of human hair. A virus is typically 100 nm in size.” (Paddock) “The ability to manipulate structures and properties at the nanoscale in medicine is like having a sub-microscopic lab bench on which you can handle cell components, viruses or pieces of DNA, using a range of tiny tools, robots and tubes.” (Paddock) There is one type of microscope in the world that has the ability to see things at the nano scale. That microscope is a scanning tunneling microscope. It has the ability to zoom in on an object by 1,000,000 times as the average high school and college microscope only reaches 100(Nano.gov).