Naoparticles Lab Report

Nanocrystals are made up of drug with only little amount of surfactant (below critical micelle concentration (CMC)) to stabilize formulation [14]. Most of the nanoparticles are made up of large amount of excipients which is not the case with nanocrystals as most of the part is only the drug. Besides lower amount of stabilizers makes toxicity issues associated with nanosuspensions negligible and offers ease of scale-up and better physical stability compared to amorphous form [15, 16]. Different methods are classified as top-down (high pressure homogenization, media milling, and sonication) and bottom-up techniques (nanoprecipitation) for effective production of Nanocrystals [17]. Development of nanocrystal based formulation of risperidone can be advantageous to tackle the problem of poor water solubility. Numerous solidification techniques are used to increase physical stability of nanosuspensions as spray drying, lyophilization and many more based upon the properties of drug and characteristics of final formulation. Amongst all these techniques lyophilization is used predominantly for nanosuspension solidification.

Ricardo Morales on the synthesis and characterization of bimetallic magnetic nanoparticles for further application in cancer treatment, I gained the skill sets needed to come up with research ideas and implement them as well as how to resolve issues that arise within any research. My experience as a teaching assistant in organic and general chemistry at the University of La Verne Chemistry Department taught me the importance of lab safety and the joys of connecting what is learned in lecture to lab and helping students make that connection in a lab setting while creating a safe environment. My experience as an Academic Success Center tutor in chemistry course from general chemistry to advance organic chemistry taught me the joys of helping students to truly understand material and not memorize it but have that knowledge become a part of them that they can use whether in a research setting or to explain those concepts to their peers. These experiences in undergrad allowed me to determine that academia was the right fit for me; graduate school will give the skills needed to fulfill this

The procedure starts by obtaining 25 mL of HC₂H₃O₂ that has an unknown concentration. Take 10 mL of the HC₂H₃O₂ and add it to a 250 mL beaker that already contains 50 mL of distilled water. Next, set up the lab quest and fill a 50 mL buret with 0.100 M NaOH. Place the pH sensor into the solution prepared earlier and start data collection. Record the original pH when no NaOH is added, and continue to record the pH and amount of NaOH after every addition. Add NaOH in increments to change the pH by 0.15 pH units. Once a pH of 5 is reached, add NaOH drop by drop until a pH of 10 is reached. One desired ph of 10 is reached, add increments to raise pH by 0.15 pH units until the pH remains constant. Lastly, stop the data collection and examine the

Gold(III) chloride solution and sodium citrate solution were freshly prepared with deionized water and filtered through a syringe filter (0.22 µm). Deionized water (45 mL) was added into three-neck flask incubated in the heating mantle with a stirring bar followed by the addition of HAuCl4 solution (5 mL, 10 mM). After the solution was boiling, the sodium citrate solution (5 mL, 38.8 mM) was added quickly. The color of the mixture gradually changed from black to wine red in the first two minutes, indicating the formation of gold nanoparticles. The AuNPs solution was kept boiling for another 10 minutes with a stirring speed of 700 rpm. After cooling down the solution to room temperature, the AuNP solution was filtered through a syringe filter (0.22µm). The concentration of AuNPs was determined by UV-Vis spectrometer (Cary100,

Usually, the clusters produced using thiols are much larger (approx. 25 atoms) than the ones that produced by bottom-up electrochemical and chemical procedures (2 to 20 atoms). The possibility of etching gold nanoparticles by the organic compounds such as thiols and in our case selenols can be assumed taking in consideration the great reactivity of selenol group relative to thiol group and that is the reason of the fast formation of the clusters [28]. These strong binding ligands break the nanoparticles into clusters with 5-9 atoms (top-down clusters-synthesis). TEM images in figure 3 show the etching process of gold nanospheres into gold clusters by using organoselenium compound (1). The compound (1) contains four types of H-bonding, two

Nanotechnology and Applied Nanoscience allow creating innovative nanostructure materials and also technological transformations that excel to develop new materials in every industry i.e. Pharmacy, Chemical, Mechanical, Bio-Medical Science and others. It builds a bridge between the conventional and future technology by teaching lessons to keep environment safe, healthy and in favor of mankind by making contribution to improve of quality of life. Nanoscience open doors for advance researches those are able to change properties of materials by its size and behavior, following all disciplines of engineering while keeping

Nanotechnology is the study of particles on the nanoscale with, at least one dimension being less than 100nm. (Chen, Schluesener, 2008) Nanoscale particles can come in many shapes and sizes, ranging from 100 - 1 nm. These particles can be found as rods, cones, spheres and many more complex matrices and patterns as seen in figure 1.(Champion, Katare, Mitragotri, 2007) Nanosilver will form a roughly spherical shape as can be seen in figure 2. (Utopia Silver Supplements, 2012)

Nanotechnology has expanded human capabilities to perform tasks by manufacturing nanostructured materials with certain properties, properties which we use in many different areas. In the Medical industry, nano-gold particles are being manipulated to have bacterial detecting properties. Nanotechnology simply is “ The branch of technology that deals with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nanometres, especially the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules.” This technology is specifically useful in the medical industry where the shape and size of specific nanoparticles led directly to the problem, for example cancer cells or specific bacteria cells. But, the size of the particles impact the properties of the particles.

As shown in Fig. 1, the bonds about 278 and 335 nm were related to the presence of polyphenolics as the antioxidant for green synthesis of nanoparticles, which assigned to the π → π* transitions [40]. The addition of the Safflower extract to the HAuCl4 solution was resulted in the Au3+ reduction and visual color change from light yellow to reddish brown is meaning the formation of Au-NPs. Therefore, this color change is due to Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) excitation the collective oscillation of free conduction electrons induced by an interacting electromagnetic field. The strong SPR band was observed near 520 nm. These bands are centered in the ideal wavelength range reported for Au-NP colloidal solutions [41].

To optimize the properties of nano-material and atomic level needs an elemental probe with resolution of <1nm. The nano scale probe helpful to provide the reproducible control over defects.

Nanoscience is the branch of science which studies the phenomena on materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where the properties can differ very much from that of bulk materials. Nanoparticles are like a bridge between bulk materials and atomic or molecular structures. Despite of its size, the bulk materials possess constant physical properties. But at nano-scale size dependent properties are generally observed. Hence in general the properties of materials change as their size approaches the nanoscale which are far different from those of their bulk counterparts. Nanotechnology comprises the technological applications of nanoscience, which includes the synthesis, design, characterization and application of structures,

In nanocrystalline materials there are numerous superior properties which actually are very useful and promising about future works and applications. The reason for the superior properties is that nanocrystalline materials have very high number of atoms at their grain boundaries which are in nanometer scale. Some of the properties that can be enhanced and increased by making nanocrystalline materials rather than the coarse-grained materials are higher strength, higher hardness, increased diffusivity, increased mechanical properties and so on [3]. This is why people have studied in

Nanotechnology holds some answers for how we might increase the capabilities of electronics devices while we reduce their weight and power consumption.

Preparation, characterization, and physical properties of a nanostructured materials of silver (nanoparticles and nanocomposites) have been the subject of various researcher in many scientific laboratories during the past years for many studies and it has been also established that size, stability, color, shape, and properties depend on the method of preparation (radiation, photochemical, electrochemical, and chemical) as well as experimental factors such as [reactants], [stabilizer and/or capping agents], temperature, order of mixing of reactants, presence of stabilizers and capping agents and even on the addition rate of reducing agents [1–12].

Antimicrobial nanomaterials are gaining a lot of interest due their different modes of action. There are several mechanisms behind antimicrobial activity of a nanoparticle, and they can vary from one nanoparticle to another. The study of the interaction between the nanoparticles and the microorganisms is complex, because it depends on environmental factors of the surrounding, like temperature or pH; and properties of the particle, including chemistry, size and shape. (Beyth, et al., 2015). Some materials, like silver or copper (metals), have already antibacterial mechanisms in their bulk form, while others, do not present properties in their natural form, but can present them at nanoscale (Webster & Seil, 2012).