Napoleon's Influence In Italy Research Paper

3.In 1796-1797, France fought Austrians and their allies in Italy, under the leadership of Napoleon.

In the late 1520’s- 1530’s, the reformation passed from the free hands of the theologians and pamphleteers into the firmer ones of the magistrates and princes. Many cities in the latter mandated new religious reforms.

Following the Napoleonic Wars, there was a great amount of diplomatic instability within Europe, and in the Italian states there was a call to unify every state into one nation, Italy (text, 717). A leader of the unification movement, Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861) wanted to prevent chaotic revolutions to unite Italy, rather he wanted to unify the Italian states by promoting the economic developments of the Italian states (text, 717). Cavour was a prime minister of the Piedmont-Sardinia territory, he was a great leader who pushed for the advancement and increase of the region’s economic and military powers, which he believed would help promote a unified Italy (text, 717). Cavour’s territory had much to gain from a unified Italy including a larger amount of available labor, and also a

During the 14 and 1500’s, the Catholic Church was the major powerhouse on the world stage. The church became the largest land owner, giving them massive amounts of economical power. With limitless amounts of power for the church, they were even more powerful than the king himself; they had their own taxes, laws, and they even could excommunicate the king if they chose to do so. The church made royal officials fear it while also gaining the support of the people, sometimes unwilling support was given. Indulgences were purchased in the hopes that their loved ones would be saved from Purgatory or even Hell. The church’s goal used to be helping all people and preaching the word of God, but now the church was corrupt and blinded by power and money, only one man could initiate the change needed, Martin Luther.

At the beginning of the 16th Century, Europe was dominantly Catholic. The Catholic Church not only controlled vast economic resources, but wielded enormous political and social power. Reformers believed that the Catholic church had overstepped their jurisdiction in overseeing people’s faith, for example by limiting the printing of bibles to languages that only priests could read, and that the Church had become corrupted by practices such as the sale of indulgences.

During the 12th century in Rome, many papal run cities tried to become independent states or provinces of italy. It succeeded and this is what caused the many different noblemen, government officials, and monarchs that are in history books today.

In the void left by the collapse of the Roman Empire, the bishop of Rome grew even more in both power and prestige beginning in the sixth century and continuing to the reformation in the ninth century. It is the aim of this paper to explain how and why the papacy in Rome became the center of power of the medieval world, the factors contributing to this dominance over Western Europe, and the positive and negative ramifications of the position becoming so powerful. Through this paper you will discover how papacy was able to fill the vacuum of power left by the fall of an empire.

The Italian Wars began in 1494, when Charles VIII of France invaded Italy, and in 1495 conquered Naples. When challenged by Spain, the Roman Emperor, the pope, Venice, and Milan, France was forced to retreat. Charles’ VIII successor, Louis XII had control over Milan and Genoa in 1499. The second Italian War occurred when Louis then gained control of Naples by getting permission from Pope Alexander VI, and agreeing to share it with Ferdinand V of Spain. This resulted in disagreements between France and Spain

Charles III of the Spanish Bourbons seized the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily and was crowned King on May 15, 1734. After the Napoleonic threat had passed, in 1816, King Ferdinand IV of Naples and III of Sicily retitles himself King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies. This began factions of unrest and a call from the people to unite with Italy. After Ferdinand I died in 1859 his son, Ferdinand II, became king.

In Western Europe during the early 16th century, there was one church, the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Catholic Church has a hierarchical system which is headed by the pope and subsequently the cardinals, bishops, and priests respectively; the pope being seen as infallible as God himself. This was, however, not the case because the pope is after all, human. Often times, popes and cardinals lived as kings rather than spiritual leaders. Simony and nepotism were also major problems among the clergy. Indulgences that insured quick passage to heaven were also sold by church leaders. Some popes commanded armies and waged war. The corruption of the Church was well known, and several attempts at reform had been made before, but none of these efforts

In the time of king Henry VIII’s rule the pope became the dominant figure of power and influence in Europe and maybe the world. The church had vast amount of land and wealth. The church’s wealth was mainly due to the countless amount of donations, taxes, and indulgences

The early and medieval years of the papacy consisted of numerous strategic, political tactics that increased the authority of the papacy, and ultimately led to the Protestant reformation. As stated by George Weigel, in Papacy and Power, “Popes have been ‘players’ in the world since at least the fifteenth century pontificate of pope Leo the Great.” Weigel was precise, the political role of the pope has been in place since 440 A.D. and significantly increased following the sack of Rome. As stated earlier, the unbroken line of bishops starting with St. Peter was not recognized as the papacy until centuries later. In 312, churches emerged and became public buildings.

The Austro-Prussian War did not lead directly to the unification of Italy (because Italy was almost unified in 1866), but it significantly sped up the process. Rome was gained in 1870 following the Franco-Prussian War (itself a direct consequence of the Austro-Prussian War). When French troops left Rome (under instructions from Napoleon), Italian forces occupied the city and, after a plebiscite, Rome and the Papal States were annexed to Italy.

Their definitive objective was to discover and accomplish a sorted out and brought together Italy. They however were really fruitful in driving constitutions into Scicilies, Sardinia, the Duchies, Venice and Milan, yet their prosperity was beguiling. The reactionary powers just never obtained the possibility of a brought together Italy and on account of this, Austria, considered the unrest in Italy to be a risk and peril to its national security. They then wanted to go into the Italies and destroy the rebellions and in addition to nullify the constitutions. They could reestablish the rulers once more into power and general Italy had no real way to bring on Austria alone with such weak powers. There was obvious disruption inside the procedure of the transformation. Nonetheless, the absence of such solidarity that was seen inside the unrest was not by any stretch of the imagination thought about of the pioneers at the time which at last cost them an extraordinary measure of what they were battling

Garibaldi went to the USA, Austria backed out of the war therefore handing Lombardy to Sardinia. Treaty of Zurich ends northern Italy tension. Tuscany, Modena, and Parma seek annexation by Sardinia. Italy was scattered during the 1850s but came together in the 1860s and 70s to really become a world power. Piedmont became the unlikely unifying power of Italy. Victor Emmanuel II was the driving force. Sardinia fought against Russia in the Crimean war and won. Sardinia was overall different because while being small they managed to get a lot done to further the unification of Italy.