Natural Disaster

Due to diverse geo-climatic conditions prevalent in different parts of the globe, different types of natural disasters like floods, droughts, earthquakes, cyclones, landslides, and volcanoes etc may strike according to the vulnerability of the area.

Even before Harvey hit landfall, organizations like NASA, NOAA, municipalities and other agencies were using sensor data, surveillance, and satellite imagery to predict not just where the storm was likely to impact, but also coordinating with first responders and law enforcement to identify staging locations, evacuation routes, likely flooding areas, etc.. Data collected from sensors and meters located throughout the region were mined and machine learning algorithms applied to predict patterns and outcomes based on past, present, and future behaviors. For example, using clustering algorithms helped to determine the probability of where flooding would occur and devising a set of recommendations for evacuation routes, resource staging, and the identification of locations for shelters along these routes. As more data is collected the more insight these agencies had to compare against other operations like regression algorithms to forecast future behavior based on past incidents such as previous hurricanes or flood tracking. This gives officials more detailed

Natural disasters have been a growing problem throughout the world. Hurricanes, forest fires, and even floods are some of the concerns the world faces. According to Jennifer Collins, PhD, associate professor from the University of Florida noted that in 2016 the North Atlantic hurricane season was the most active season with seven hurricane storms(cite). These storms were watched and displayed through media sources throughout the United States by way of the Doppler radar system. Years prior, hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast in 2005 with destructive power destroying homes and businesses alike(cite). To this day, the New Orleans region feels the wrath of Katrina brought to the area destroying the local economy, landscape, and population. Using new technologies in the remote sensing field there are ways to pre-plan, react during, and recover efforts in disaster management.

Geographic data could model the real world into illustration picture or map by managing range of the data attribute. The Geographic information system (GIS) is using geo referencing to manage of data. Managing real world into map needs a clear framework in order to aware about the real condition therefore GIS could help to manage modelling the world because GIS is not only software to make a map but also the system to deal with the various data . GIS has ability to analysis, correction, query and display data in the attractive way. GIS also could facilitate the combination between geospatial information and other information system (Zeller 1991).

Computer based GIS systems have knowingly been used since the late 1960’s (Coppock & Rhind, 1997). However, the history of GIS is relatively unrecorded, it is a field in which history is little

1. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology underpins many of today’s most exciting technological advances – and GNSS simulation remains the most comprehensive method of testing and perfecting the devices that put it to use in our daily lives. There are several natural disasters in our country such as Meteorological disaster, Hydrological disaster, Geological disaster, etc. The most common natural disasters that are experienced in our country are tropical cyclone associated with surge, flood and drought.

The use of remote sensing to observe weather patterns especially hurricanes and their aftermath have only been widely used in the last fifty years. Early hurricane observations were made from ships or on land up until the 1960s (Hodgson, Davis, Cheng, Miller, 2013, p. 9). During that decade, the first United States satellite capable of producing images, the Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS), was launched into space (Hodgson et. al, 2013, p. 9). This allowed for meteorologists to observe the movement and strength of tropical systems that were difficult to track without overhead imagery. Since then the technology and widespread use of these satellites have only increased and have become a major part of everyday life for people. A hurricane can create immense destruction from its strong winds, storm surge, and rain. They also can cause large losses of life which render being able to track and prepare for these systems even more vital. Remote sensing has become essential in protecting the safety of civilians from natural disasters. Satellites can help organizations like the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) track these storms, create models for potential strengthening and their paths, and inform the population so local governments, state governments, and the individual can begin to prepare. Additionally, the importance of disaster relief in the aftermath of a hurricane is great given the amount people who are in danger and need medical

The paper will begin with a literature review on the sources used for research including conference papers, lectures, and trade magazines. Immediately following the literature review, there will be the discussion which entails a thorough explanation of the fundamental concepts that contribute to the foundation of Geographic Information Systems. After the explanation of concepts, there will be a brief introduction regarding the company that pioneered the way for GIS. This paper will then discuss the current trends and major industries that are utilizing GIS. In the end, there will be a conclusion that will include a future analysis on GIS.

According to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (n.d), the definition of disaster is known as: “an unexpected, catastrophic event that extremely disturbs the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and environmental losses that go beyond the community’s ability to handle using its own resources.” In addition, the disaster could be classified into two category which are the natural disaster and also human made disaster. First, a natural disaster is known as the naturally occurring event or changes in natural phenomenon that has disastrous impacts towards the society. The extent of loss vary to the vulnerability of the population, and also the scope and intensity of the disaster. Examples for natural disasters are earthquake, typhoon, volcanic eruptions, flood and so on. Conversely, human made disaster is known as the event that often caused by the negligence or human error which lead to a disastrous impacts towards the society. Example of human made disasters are technological hazards such as nuclear weapons, transportation hazards like airplane crash, and so on.

The increasingly frequent disasters in the world are damaging people’s property and security. Moreover, the catastrophes bring massive negative effects on the development of society. In the meanwhile, it is impossible to obtain the accurate data of disaster areas by traditional observations or detection modes. Though natural disaster is a tough problem to human beings, remote sensing (RS) could help people better deal with it. According to Mei (2008), remote sensing is a reliable method of measurement which could acquire information about the property of a phenomenon or object by an observation device which is not in physical contact with the phenomenon or object under study. For example, bats are good users of RS. They can emit super sonic waves at 25000-70000 Hz and receive the acoustic echo by which means they can locate their prey and navigate. There are two main categories of RS data: aerial data and satellite data. High precision is the most advantage of airborne images. Unlike aerial data, satellite data aim at collecting information from wide range of areas.

Disaster, both natural and man-made, are increasing in their frequency and catastrophic impact in Indonesia. Natural hazards like landslides, avalanches, floods and debris flows can result in enormous property damage and human casualties in mountainous regions (Matternicht, 2005). Earthquake, flood, landslide, subsidence are only a few to mention (Walter et al., 2008; Abidin et al., 2009, Chini et al., 2008; US. Geology Survey, 2006; Tsuji et al., 2009). The term ‘natural disaster’ has been brought as a common vocabulary to our daily life as news bringing information on natural disaster is occurring in any parts of our planet recently. Planet Earth provides us with the air, food, warmth, and materials we need to thrive. But Earth can also generate catastrophic disasters, from tsunamis and landslides to tornadoes and wildfires, that kill people, damage the environment, destroy property, and disrupt normal life. Such disasters may be sudden and violent, like an earthquake or flood, or gradual, like drought or the spread of a deadly disease. Due to the lack or inadequate disaster prevention and mitigation strategies in Indonesia, the impact of disasters which they do occur is much greater than in other developed countries. Disaster detection and monitoring are essential aspect in disaster mitigation and it’s conventionally done by ground survey. Nowadays, remote sensing plays important role in disaster mitigation.

Occurrences of natural disaster or man-made disaster have increased this last decade thus there is a constant need to provide humanitarian support to population affected by such disasters. Means of communications are vital to manage rescues operation during down time. However, in worst case scenario most of the infrastructures are getting damaged. Therefore, it is essential to restore communications within the disaster zone. This literature review is divided in three main stages, which are the consequences of a natural disaster, the need of communication and the solutions available to provide communication to the population.

Human activity such as deforestation has led to global warming. Due to the event, there has been significant changes weather to extreme conditions. Extreme weather has adverse effects on the functional and structural infrastructure that the community depends on. For this reason, steps should be taken to mitigate these disasters from occurring and even during management and recovery efforts.

Remote sensing is defined as the art and science of obtaining information about an object without being in direct physical contact with the object (Jensen, 2000). The satellite images and aerial photos are used to map the variabilities of terrain properties such as vegetation, water and geology. The useful environmental information along a wide area to the details of a few metres can be obtained through the use of remote sensing data. With the help of large amount of spatial data the impacts of disasters can be manage and assessed. Hence, the remote sensing can help in the disaster management in various applications.

The importance of telecommunication in disaster management has been widely accepted since the early days of the development of radio communication. Disasters can strike without warning at any time of the day or night. On the Indian subcontinent, the pressure from population increase and over-exploitation of resources for haphazard development has disturbed the ecological