Natural History of Zebra Mussels
Invasive species aren’t anything new in Minnesota; however, “over the past 500 years, more than 4,500 species have established populations in the United States” (Benson, 2015). Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) are one of those invasive species. Named because of their zebra-like stripes, these bi-valve mussels live between 4-5 years and grow to about 50 millimeters. Zebra mussels are native to western Russia near the Black and Caspian Seas. Construction of canals aided their spread throughout Europe between the 1700s and the 1800s (Jensen, 2009). By the 1830s, zebra mussels had spread throughout Europe and Britain. Some researchers caution drawing too many comparisons between the european species and the
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Zebra mussel mats can clog water intakes for power plants and river/lake-based water treatment facilities. Because zebra mussels mat together, they can attach in the masses to boat motors and boat hulls damaging equipment. Swimmers that are climbing up submerged ladders or dock equipment can hurt their feet on shells. Up to 1 liter of water is filter fed through a zebra mussel daily (Benson, 2015). They primarily consume algae and other small particles (like bacteria, protozoans and silt) that other fish and animals would consume harming their food supplies. In Lake Erie, the abundance of zooplankton was reduced by 55-71% after the zebra mussel invasion (MacIsaac et al. 1995). In addition, removing these food particles from the water clarifies the water and allows other vegetation to grow. With more light penetration (due to clearer waters), temperature patterns are negatively impacted lowering the amounts of dissolved …show more content…
If there is some water supplies, closed zebra mussels can survive for longer. Veligers cannot survive drying; however, if there is a small water amount (like a puddle or pond), they can survive making some treatment methods like lowering the reservoir levels ineffective. Zebra mussels can survive as boats are transferred from lake to lake and even in bait buckets that fishermen and fisherwomen use. Researchers indicate that overland dispersal could have spread zebra mussels from one small inland lake to another which would explain why so many inner lakes are contaminated with zebra mussels. Ballast water from a Russian commercial cargo vessel was the main vector for spreading the zebra mussels into U.S. waterways and regulations have been put into place regarding discharging ballast in waterways. Education has spread the preventative methods for stopping the spread of zebra mussels and the legal implications of not following rules are steep.
Minnesota SeaGrant (2009) offers these recommendations about protecting local waters from spreading zebra mussels:
Aquatic plants and animals should be removed from boats, trailers and other equipment. Spray down boats and boat trailers before leaving the water access point.
Livewells and bilge water should be emptied
Bait buckets should be dumped onto land (not into the water) and shouldn’t be cross-contaminated
The MSDS provided by AMBRANDS specifically points out that this pesticide is extremely toxic to fish, aquatic invertebrates, oysters, and shrimp. It is highly recommended that the product not be allowed to come in contact with any water sources such as storm drains, drainage ditches, gutters, or surface waters. It is also suggested that cypermethrin should be applied if possible when rain is not predicted for the next 24 hours to help ensure that the pesticide is not inadvertently spread.
Zebra Mussels spread very fast and are now in all the Great Lakes and waterways in many of our states. They are also in Quebec and Ontario, Canada. These Zebra Mussels spread by attaching to
Today, what once was a scenic lake is covered in chest-high weeds. “ Boaters and fisherman enjoy going to Lake Bridgeport during the summer. But in the summer of 2013 the boat ramps were unusable so the number of residents going to the lake dropped. There are dead fish floating to the shoreline as well as many other wildlife animals. The lake tested positive for Zebra Mussel larva, which is shell like creatures that are very sharp and stick to boats, anchors and docks. The Mussels are very dangerous for the lake environment, but they also eat bacteria so they could help the lake water clear up. If no water is drained out of Lake Bridgeport then the residents of Eagle Mountain Lake and Lake Worth could possibly run out of drinking water.
Areas of water including butts or ponds and sand pits must be securely fenced off or covered.
In the article published by the Detroit Free Press “How do you get rid 750 trillion mussels in the Great Lakes” written by Kathleen Lavey, the author discusses how there is currently no technology that would help on a large enough scale to kill all of the invasive mussels. Lavey talks about how there are paints that contain chili peppers which muscles don’t atach to. Companies use this paint on intake pipes so they do not get clogged with muscles. Lavey also discusses 060Bio which a piece of foam that is infused with copper and zinc ions which muscles find unsavory. They place these on boats, that way boats don’t get infested with muscles and move them around the lakes. There are many different ideas out there but they don’t have a method that
As well as pollution, invasive species are damaging the lake ecosystems and food chains, made fragile by pollution and overfishing. The introduction of a new species throws off the balance of food chains. Some common invasive species include the sea lamprey, Asian carp, and zebra mussels, among many others. Zebra mussels have dramatically influenced and affected stable food chains by reducing the amount of zooplankton and phytoplankton. This presents a problem, as fish mostly feed on the drifters, and so they go hungry and die, leaving no food for larger fish to prey on. In addition to underwater disruption, it affects us as well, but only slightly. Plankton and algae especially are the most productive aquatic producers of oxygen, and by the decreasing population, we lose oxygen as well. The sea lamprey is also a problem, though it is not so influential to ecosystems as the zebra mussel.
Populations of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas), were first found in the Laurentian Great Lakes in 1988 (Hebert et al., 1989). This species is native to the Caspian, Aral, and Black Seas and the rivers that drain into them but has spread throughout Europe, principally during the 18th century. Since it is restricted to estuarine and freshwater habitats, it is presumed that it was introduced into North America by ballast waters of transoceanic vessels. Based on the substantial amount of genetic variation found in these initial populations, as estimated from electrophoretic variation of allozymes, the colonization of the Great Lakes was by a large number of immigrants and not just a few founders
At the bottom of the Missouri's streams lives the Lampsilis siliquoidea mussels where it lives out its life cycle. How it lives it's brilliant life cycle is first by luring a smallmouth bass over to it by copycatting the movement and the appearance of a Tartars fish tail which is actually the skin of the mussels which has over time evolved. Once the bass notices the lure and strikes the lure the muscle spews out a white cloud into the bass's mouth and gills which happen to be thousands of larvaes where they will live off the bass for nutrients. Its also safer for them to transition from larvae into juvenile mussels. After a couple of weeks the young mussels abandon the bass dropping leaving the basses unharmed and unaware of what happened making
In response to invasive species threats, Ontario’s Ministry of Natural Resources, Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Environment and Transportation developed the Ontario Invasive Species Strategic Plan. Its objectives are to prevent new intruders from disembarking and subsisting in Ontario, to reduce and reverse the extent of remaining invasive species and decrease its damaging impacts. Ballast water is a well-known source for the introduction and spread of aquatic invasive species in the Canadian water bodies. In response, Canada and the United States placed strict regulations governing ocean-going ships and their ballast water. For example, requiring inspection and the flushing of tanks with salt water before entering other waterways. Collectively,
Jonathan Safran Foer’s “Eating Animals” was extraordinary. As a former meat buyer for a large food distributor, I had visited kill floors several times, and I had made some assumptions about the book before I read it. But the meat business has changed radically since I was a buyer and I found the first-hand accounts of extreme animal abuse Safran Foer employed in the book not only to be controversial but also repulsive. It was very difficult to read about some of the regularly used techniques that factory farms use in the name of efficiency.
Eurasian milfoil or Myriophyllum spicatum is an aquatic invasive plant that can be found throughout the Chicagoland area and in surrounding bodies of water. This plant can be a hinderance to swimming, boating, and fishing because of their thick, tangled stems and mats of vegetation. According to the Minnesota Sea Grant, Eurasian milfoil also overcrowd a body of water which leaves little room for the plants native to the Great Lakes. One prediction is that if the Eurasian milfoil is not stopped, a reduction of biodiversity may result in Chicago and the areas surrounding it. If this was to occur, the ecosystems of the Midwest region would be significantly impacted in a negative way.
Species have been invading the Great Lakes for a very long time. “Scientists estimate that there are more than 185 invasive species in the Great Lakes today.” One of the species that invade the Great Lakes is the Round Goby. This animal usually feeds on fish eggs, Yellow Perch, Bass, and Walleye. The Round Goby is an invasive species because it kills other species, or it can make them extinct. Another example of invasive specie is Quagga Mussel. The Quagga Mussel usually sits in lakes or oceans, building up over a long period of time, this leads to millions, and millions
With the increasing amount of disturbed habitats, invasive species could soon become the leading cause of ecological degradation (Soulé & Orians, 2001). Invasive species can alter habitats in a number of ways. Changes in the physical structure of the land are the most visually obvious. Examples include narrowing stream channels, reducing sand supply to dunes, and stabilizing surfaces such as mudflats, and each invasive species goes about these changes in their own way. For instance, the burrowing activities of Australian isopods cause the banks of tidal channels to collapse, leading to the widening of channels and the loss of vegetated salt marsh (Cox, 1999). On the other hand, Japanese mussels that have invaded the San Diego area are stabilizing mudflats. Although reaching Southern California in the 1960s,
According to Qualter, “propaganda is thus defined as the deliberate attempt by some individual or group to form, control, or alter the attitudes of other groups by the use of the instruments of communication, with the intention that in any given situation the reaction of those so influenced will be that desired by the propagandist.” The existence of a clear purpose of propaganda is the key to understanding what propaganda is; Qualter’s definition is compelling because he specifically identified the reason why propagandists want to shape public opinions and he points out the means of how do propagandists form, control and alter public attitudes. Propagandists try to make the public think and feel in certain ways because the mood of the public
Have you ever wondered why you are so bothered by the writings of Edgar Allan Poe? Edgar Allan Poe was an American author that wrote the classic stories “The Raven” and “The Pit and the Pendulum.” His writings reflect the common ideas of being weak or weary and a character that has experienced lost love. Poe’s writings also show how he and the main characters are haunted by the actions they have taken. It is through the misfortunes in Poe’s life that his writings reflect these events.