Nc1 Lab Report

Characterization of activated carbon is done by by using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and FTIR (Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy)

Telephone signals are controlled through the process of digital switches. Every wire a telephone has two connections, which is known as input and outputs signals with a binary combination. In this lab, the overall purpose of the circuit was to build a telephone switch that would function which connects to one subscriber to another. What the circuit does is that it gives an input signal using four subscribers which is connected with an output signal using 8 subscribers. As the input signal known as MUX and output signal known as DeMUX, the wiring of the signals are displayed of page 11 known as the Tekron Logic Lab sheet. After completing the circuit, to determine if each input signal is connected to an output signal, the lamp input, S1 and S0, with the additional of pulse output of 1 and 3, the switch was turn on from the back of Tektron Logic device and lamp switch. Then the button were

Integra is a synthetic wound dressing frequently used to treat burn wounds (Figure 5). It is a bilayer composed of bovine tendon collagen glycosaminoglycan (chondroitin-6-sulphate) cross-linked to it, onto which a silicone (synthetic polysiloxane polymer) membrane is sealed to the upper surface to act as a protective temporary epidermis. The silicone layer is applied as a liquid monomer; curing occurs on the surface of the collagen at room temperature. It serves to control moisture loss from the wound. Water flux across this silicone membrane is the same as that across normal epidermis. The collagen-GAG matrix contains pores ranging from 70 to 200 µm that are invaded by host fibroblasts upon application to an excised wound bed. The pore size was carefully designed by adjusting the collagen-GAG mixture. In GAG-free collagen, the resulting structure was more closed than in collagen-GAG matrices. Smaller pores can delay, or even prevent, biointegration, whereas larger pores would provide an insufficient attachment area for invading host cells. Freeze-drying procedures followed by slow sublimation are used to control pore size too. The degradation rate of 30 days of the collagen-GAG sponge is controlled by glutaraldehyde-induced cross-links. The polypeptide collagen is used for its low levels of antigenicity (it has minimal rejection potential) and because it exerts a hemostatic effect on vascular wounds. Collagen is already found in skin. It is degraded by collagenase deposited

The patient population that is being studied includes individuals with diabetic foot ulcers. Currently, many different types of dressings are being used on diabetic foot ulcers depending on the hospital and the attending physician. It is necessary to determine whether other specific dressings types such as collagen dressings, could be more beneficial than others in treating these wounds/ulcers. This raises the question, “In patients with diabetic foot ulcers, do wet to dry dressings compared to collagen dressings result in a decrease in wound healing time?”.

Wound cleansing has been discussed about for many years, different solutions and techniques have been discussed to use, and it is an important part of preventing infection. Wound cleansing is described as the use of fluids to remove debris and dead tissue from the surface of the wound. The purpose of wound cleansing is to make the best possible conditions at the wound site, for uncomplicated wound healing. The most commonly used solution would be normal saline due to being an isotonic solution and it does not disrupt with normal healing process of wounds (Ljubic, 2013). Normal saline has just been

Burn wounds are extremely painful, and for many patients dressing changes are excruciating every time they are performed (Edwards, 2011). Patients not only experience the background pain that is constant from a burn wound, but also the procedural pain that is accompanied by dressing changes. Burn patients also endure anticipatory pain which is the worsening in pain due to the expectation of pain that is to come from dressing changes (Edwards, 2011). If dressings can be reduced from twice daily to every three to five days, the amount of pain reduction for these patients would be astronomical. Even if the hydrocolloid dressing could not last three days due to exudate, reducing dressing changes from twice daily to daily is still beneficial to the

Silver impregnated dressings have been used extensively over the past few decades in the management of chronic wounds and burns. Before the 1800s, Silver was used for the treatments of ailments such as seizures, leg ulcers, skin infections, partial burns, surgical wounds, perinanal abscesses, disinfection of fluid and sexually transmitted diseases. By mid 1900s, the use of Silver started to expand and was used in different forms such as dressings, eye drops, powder and so on. Silver nitrates were also used as antibiotics to prevent eye infections after deliveries, MRSA, Staphylococcus aureus, B-hemolytic streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia Coli (Castellano et al, 2007, pp. 114-115). Nevertheless, adverse effects were not monitored.

This paper is a summary of a workshop held to discuss the affects of aging on chronic wound healing, and discusses the limited research on wound management. The workshop was sponsored by The Association of Specialty Professors, the National Institute on Aging, and the Wound Healing Society. The workshop was attended by leading health care experts in the field of geriatrics, wound management, and skin again. Scientist and Program Staff from national organization were also in attendance. Those national organizations include National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and the National Institute of Nursing Research. The purpose of this workshop was to explore the process of wound healing in elderly patients. These processes included the molecular and cellular processes. Therapeutic approaches such as cellular and tissue-engineered remedies, negative pressure wound therapy, electrical stimulation, nutrition, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and ultrasound therapy were discussed.

Table 3: Wound healing in treatment groups. Wound healing Sucralfate group N= 50 Lidocaine group N=48 Placebo group N=45 P value 21st day 31(62%) 19 (39.5%) 17 (37.7%) 0.028

Merlin-Manton et al. (2015) explored a new foam adhesive dressing, UrgoTul Absorb Border (Urgo Medical), which is effective in promoting fast wound healing (Merlin-Manton et al., 2015). The researchers claims that what differentiates UrgoTul Absorb Border from other foam dressings is that it allows for there to be an interaction between the technology lipido-colloid (TLC) and wound bed. This new wound dressing increases fibroblast proliferation by 45% and provides a pain-free dressing change, easy to apply, comfortable, and the dressing remains in place (Merlin-Manton et al., 2009). This observational study consisted of an independent variable, which is the parameters, and a dependent variable, which is the rating of the performance. This research consisted of a sample size of this study was initially 25 patient’s, however, it drop down to 23. This sample was selected from acute hospital wards, outpatient departments, wound care clinics, and the patients own home. Prior to being selected the patient’s wound were assessed by a viability nurse to assess if the selection criteria, wound location, and wound aetiology. The data was collected over a 6-month period and all of the participants received at least 6 wound dressings during a 5-week period. The dressing performance and patients parameters were measured using a interval type of data set

Wound management requires skills and expertise in providing a standard care for patients who has delayed in wound healing. Most often, as we exposed to a clinical setting for a very long time we are highly aware of wound management preferences and different approached among nurses, both fulfilled and unfulfilled. As much as health care workers provide the highest management of a wound, we still have noticed a delay in wound healing. As far as wound healing is concerned, negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is used as an intervention in providing further management of a wound. In particular, we are interested to explore if negative pressure wound therapy has an impact on wound healing.

Material and thickness were not the only components involved in bolus selection. For some materials, wetness could also be a factor. Researchers experimented and determined if the different wetness levels in wet gauze made the gauze an appropriate alternative for Superflab (Benoit, Pruitt, and Thrall, 2009). They compared different wetness levels of gauze and it’s effect on its attenuation ability. The rResearchers assessed the outcome of different gauze wetness levels and compared the effectiveness of different wetness levels to that of Superflab. While the researchers measured the wetness of the gauze in terms of physical density, the results of this study showed that at a certain physical density, 1.02 g/cm3, the wet gauze sponges performed

Yet in another recent study by Duzkaya et al. (2016), the CHG dressings were compared with the standard dressings using level II evidence in a RCT study. The study sample included 100 patients for a total of 100 CVCs in one pediatric ICU of a university hospital in Istanbul, Turkey. The study findings considered CHG dressings effective in prevention of CRBSIs where the rate of infection was 2% versus 10% in the standard dressings (Duzkaya et al., 2016).

Local and systemic inflammatory response occurs within the body due to fluid shifts from intravascular compartments into the interstitium caused by changes in capillary permeability. The body’s specific response to burns directly correlates with the total body surface (TBSA) percentage affected. Patients with 25% TBSA burns experience an increase in generalized capillary permeability, at 30% TBSA burns patients are affected by a disruption on the cellular ion gradient lasting several days and requiring a longer hospitalization stay, and patients with 50% TBSA burns end up losing half of their fluid resuscitation volume due to increased leaks into the non-thermally injured tissue (Diver). Several studies coincide that the

However, there are certain characteristics that are highly desirable. An ideal suture material should be easy to handle; secure knotting; have predictable tensile strength and performance; be sterile; should not shrink in the tissues; should pull through tissues easily; be non-electrolytic, non-capillary, non-allergenic, and non-carcinogenic; should not promote tissue reaction or infection; and be inexpensive. None of the suture materials available fulfils all the criteria. Moreover, certain procedures request specific requirements upon suture material (e.g. gastric anastomoses require an absorbable suture material while vascular anastomoses require a smooth, non-absorbable material). Thus, in closing any wound, the suture material and method of suturing must be chosen so that the desired objective is achieved effectively[2].