Neanderthal Parallax, Hominids, by Robert J. Sawyer

The first Neanderthal remains, discovered in Germany in 1856, were presented to the world of science at a meeting of the Lower Rhine Medical and Natural History Society held in Bonn in February 1857 and named a species, Homo neanderthalensis, by William King in 1864. Some Neanderthal fossils and other remains are in excellent condition, giving a good idea of Neanderthal culture. In 1887, two complete skeletons were found in a cave near Spy in Belgium, and more from sites in France in 1887, 1908 and 1911. These and other finds showed that the Neanderthals had populated Europe widely from about 130,000 to 28,000 years ago after which they became extinct. Most of these fossils were found in caves. Usually they are associated with cold

The Neanderthals lived in areas ranging from Western Europe through central Asia from about 200,000 to between 36,000 and 24,000 years ago. The Neanderthals lived in groups of 30 to 50 individuals, they invented many of the tool types that were to be perfected by fully sapient peoples, they had weapons adequate to deal with both the cave lion and cave bear, they used body paint, buried their dead. Neanderthal Man survived through the Ice Age. They are thought to have had fire. Neanderthals lived side by side with modern humans for over 10,000 years.

In the film, Neanderthals on Trial, numerous questions are presented regarding where Neanderthals fit into our evolutionary history. Were they ancestors to modern humans or were they an evolutionary dead end? Are they physically similar enough to be considered humans? Did their level of intelligence match ours or was it inferior? The film provides information on the evidence found to support their assumptions about who the Neanderthals were. There is debate between those who believe Neanderthals were a different species and those who believe they are a subspecies of humans. Despite some anthropologists believing the Neanderthals are not a species of humans, there is evidence supporting that they are, through DNA analysis, as well as analysis of cranial features, stone tools, and behavior, as depicted in the film.

Blastocystis hominis (B hominis) is a common parasitic organism found throughout the world. An infection with B hominis is called blastocystosis. The parasite lives in your large intestine and can be found in stool. It can remain in the body for weeks, months, or years. It is not known whether the parasite B hominis causes any symptoms in humans or if the associated symptoms may be caused by infection with other parasitic organisms, bacteria, or viruses. Often, B hominis is found along with other organisms that are more likely to be the cause of your symptoms.

Nearly 40,000 years ago, Earth was a much different place. Europe was in an ice age, Neanderthals were going on nearly 300,000 years of life, and Homosapiens were making a huge advancement. Was the cause of the Neanderthals diminish due to Homosapiens sudden and large advancement into Europe, or are there other underlying circumstances that could be the reasons for the fall of Neanderthals?

The Akeer Wars brought an abrupt end to the advancement of the most advanced of the human-like species that were developing from the Homo Heidelbergensis evolutionary path. There are two contenders noted as possible aggressors in this War, the Homo Sapiens, or the Homo Neanderthalensis. Although most modern theories point to Homo Sapiens at the attacking species, it is still quite possible, and even probably, that the horrendous attacks were carried out at the hands of the Homo Neanderthalensis. In fact, Homo Sapiens could very well be entirely innocent in the chaos surrounding the war.

This article states that Homo sapiens were not the first to create jewelry, but according to the author Neanderthals were also the first to have a "particular level of abstract thinking" meaning Neanderthals may have been a lot smart than people credit them to be. For many years researcher had never gathered any information to lead then to think Neanderthals had any intelligence until the findings if their jewelry, the researchers also stated "These talons provide multiple new lines of evidence for Neanderthals abilities and cultural sophistication, they are the earliest evidence for jewelry in the European fossil record and demonstrate that Neanderthals possessed a symbolic culture long before more modern human forms arrived in Europe." it is said that all of their jewelry comes from one bird. An extremely difficult bird to capture both

Some surprising discoveries reveal aesthetics and abstract thought in Neanderthal cultures that predate the arrival of H. sapiens. These finds include the engraving and signs of feather use from Gorham's Cave. In fact, artifacts of this nature have been discovered at archaeological sites across Europe. At the Grotta di Fumane in Italy's Veneto region, archaeologists found evidence of feather use and the fossil of a snail shell which had been collected from at least 100 kilometers away that had been stained red, suspended on a string and worn as a pendant at least 47,600 years ago. The sites of Cueva de los Aviones and Cueva Antón in southeastern Spain have also yielded seashells bearing traces of pigment. Some seem to have served as cups for

Neanderthals, also known as Homo neanderthalensis, existed mainly in the time period known as the Middle Paleolithic in the regions of Europe and southwestern to central Asia. The Middle Paleolithic took place from about 200,000 years ago until around 45,000 years ago. However, the Neanderthals still existed for about 15,000 years after that. After the Middle Paleolithic, the Neanderthals existed alongside anatomically modern humans and most likely interbred with them. Although the species of Homo neanderthalensis became extinct around 25,000 years ago, their DNA is still present in humans today. Neanderthals are without a doubt the closest extinct human relatives to modern humans. The first Neanderthal fossil was not found until the year 1829. This discovery in Belgium would prove to be one of the most important archaeological findings in history. After several more of these findings occurred, we have been able to learn countless facts about Neanderthals. Scientists believe they had very short, stocky, and powerful bodies, along with very strong teeth and jaw bones and a surprisingly large brain. Neanderthals had the ability to walk bipedally as we do today, and it is believed that they matured much faster than modern humans. Dental fossil evidence shows that an eight year old Neanderthal possessed the same dental structure as that of a ten to twelve year old

Throughout the documentary “Decoding Neanderthals” there was a push of research to push the human view of Neanderthals. Over the year’s research showed that we coexisted with Neanderthals and out beat their species. Many believed that Neanderthals where like the stereotypical unintelligent and wild caveman. With new technology, enhanced research, and the exposing documentary “Decoding Neanderthals” pushed the boundaries of these past ideologies. Through this we have learned how intelligent, symbolic, and closely related this species is to homo-sapiens species. This research proved that the Neanderthal may have not became extent due to in ability to create weapons but, due to inter breading with humans

When and why did Homo Sapiens begin to grow into a thriving population that have produced both cognitive and technological advances? No one knows for certain and because of this question countless amounts of people have decided to become anthropologists. Anthropology is defined as, “the study of human beings and their ancestors through time and space and in relation to physical character, environmental and social relations, and culture(Merriam-Webster). Despite all of the time and effort that anthropologists have put into discovering the correct response, the answer to this question is constantly changing because population, cognitivity and technology are constantly changing too. One way to determine how these factors affect Homo Sapiens

Skeletal remains allow us to reflect on the lives of Neanderthals. For my article review I read about the diets of Neanderthals in Europe. I read “Neanderthal Exploitation of Marine Mammals in Gibraltar” written by C. B. Stringer. The article presents evidence located in two coastal sites in Gibraltar, suggesting that Neanderthals would hunt marine animals. The findings of skeletal remains of marine animals means that Neanderthals would regularly hunt down these animals, as opposed to accidentally hunting them or maybe just a few hunting these animals down.

The public common conception of Neanderthals is that they were the less intelligent, lumbering cousins of old modern man who died off because they just were not enough equipped or intelligent as their cousins. Some people think that for decades after the first discovery of their bone, homo neanderthalensis was observed as a hairy wanton who tumbled around Ice Age Eurasia on bent knees, finally to be exchanged by elegant, straight Cro Magnon, the true progenitor of modernistic Europeans. Wholeheartedly, I disagree with this view. I think archaeological and research evidence has shown that the Neanderthals lived in a hard, changing environment, and survived then reproduced for over 250 thousand years despite the hardships they likely faced. Also,

To be honest, I haven’t taken a biology course since freshman year of high school, so as of this moment, I’m hovering somewhere in between faint recollection of the current material and feeling overwhelmed at the raised expectations. Then again, this is community college; I will be expected to pull my own weight seeing how I’m not in Kansas anymore. Assignments like this will probably be a nice way to help me keep my head above water, so I won’t be completely lost. However, this is not to say that I will completely rely on such assignments to get a decent grade. A few extra points here and there will not hurt my GPA or overall grade.

The first Neanderthal fossils found in Europe, a fragmented child’s cranium in Belgium in 1830, and an adult cranium in Gibraltar, were not immediately recognized as a divergent kind of human. Only in 1856 after a partial skeleton was found in a cave in the Neander Valley in Germany it became clear that these fossils belonged to an extinct human and our closest evolutionary relative (Hublin and Pääbo, 2006). Since then, questions about their relationship with modern humans have been fiercely debated between anthropologists. But what attracts most interest from scientists and popular media is the possibility of hybridization between Neanderthals and modern humans if, in other words, they were a genetically different specie or a