Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Oxygen debt in the muscles is reached when oxygen levels are much lower than required during strenuous physical activity, causing lactate fermentation to occur in the cells leading to muscle fatigue. The results found in the experiment were the number of squeezes in the first trial for the dominant and non-dominant hands were significantly higher than the remaining ones. The results also showed as the trials continued, the number of muscle contractions decreased steadily which supported the hypothesis. However, there were some increased numbers for the dominant hand from trial 4 to 5 and trial 9 to 10. The non-dominant hand expressed similar unexpected results from trial 6 to 7 and trial 9 and 10. The reasons for these results might be due to the finger muscles being worked at the high intensity for a long period of time causing the muscles to consume higher amounts of oxygen thus producing more ATP production. This would cause the muscles to create more contractions towards the end of the trials. The unexpected results could also be caused by experimental errors such as faulty clothespins. The springs connecting the two ends of the clothespin was tight causing the number of contractions as the trials progressed having a more significant decrease. This is because the amount of energy required to open and close the clothespin would be higher, causing the lactate threshold to occur quicker. Due to this, the number of squeezes would decrease drastically as the trials progressed, in contrast to if the springs were normal. This would change the results by the difference between the trials not being evident therefore, not demonstrating the effects of muscle fatigue. Another factor that altered this experiment was the participant’s condition, Palmar Hyperhidrosis –excessive sweating on the palms – which

Brooks GA, Fahey TD, Baldwin KM (2005). Exercise Physiology: Human Bioenergetics and Its Application. 4th Edition

• Pulse Oximetry - Tests the percentage of oxygen in the blood. 95% or more is a normal level,

The purpose of this lab is to gain knowledge and understanding of the scientific principle of RER, using indirect calorimetry to measure caloric expenditure, including the caloric equivalent and to understand the concepts behind estimating oxygen consumption and caloric expenditure from heart rate, including the limitations. In addition the purpose was to learn skills of how to measure and graph the linear relationship between heart rate and VO2 and then determine the regression equation line and to estimate the caloric expenditure from VO2, heart rate, and caloric equivalent values.

If a more accurate measurement is required, a blood sample will be taken. How is an oximetry reading obtained? A tape sensor with a light source and a light detector will be placed on an area of the body: For children and adults, a reusable or single use tape

1. Monitor the patient's oxygen saturation frequently (once per hour) at rest and after exertion on room air

During exercise there is an increase in cardiac output, which corresponds to an increase in maximal oxygen consumption. With the increase in oxygen consumption, a greater increase in blood flow occurs. This means there is more oxygen circulating in the blood for the tissues to take up. Due to the increase in blood flow, vasoconstriction of arterioles occurs to maintain mean arterial pressure (Bassett & Edward, 1997). This limits oxygen consumption because some of the blood flow is directed to the brain and skin. It is further pointed out that the heart is another limiting factor because it determines how much blood and oxygen are supplied to the muscles especially when blood flow exceeds maximal cardiac output (Bassett & Edward,

An arterial blood gas would not only be helpful in giving a more precise measurement of arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide, it would also give useful information about the pH of her blood and the bicarbonate level. Pulse oximetry has the benefit of alerting caregivers to acute changes in

They determined the intra and extra cellular compartments using a bioimpedance spectroscopy and determined the muscle contracting and shortening at a consistent rate of speed during a squat using a isokinetic dynamometer. They took these measurements before, after the training period, and after the detraining period. They found that there was an increase of 6% in both the placebo and creatine group. Which constitutes that creatine did not have any benefits regarding the force measured during a single movement. There was no change in body mass in the placebo or controlled group. However, there was an increase by 2 kg in body mass in the creatine group. This change can be due to partially the body water content and an increase in inter-cellular

The pulse oximetry test uses a sensor that is attached to your finger or ear. There is a light in the sensor that indicates your blood oxygen. For a more accurate reading of oxygen in your blood, an arterial blood gas test may be ordered. This test requires a sample of blood from an artery, and is usually taken from the wrist. By testing this blood sample, the oxygen and carbon dioxide can be accurately measured.

In addition, cardiac output decreased before fatigue, whileheart rate was still rising. The authors measured a decrease in the oxygen delivery and leg blood flow in the hot condition and

The percent yield for the reaction was rather low, 48.02%. This could be a result of a possible loss of product during the washing phase when releasing the gas. The loss of product could have occurred when trying to pipet the dried ester. The boiling point for the product was not taken.

→This test is done to measure the oxygen saturation in the blood. It can be useful to see if a patient needs oxygen therapy.

The studies are also similar in that they all are examining oxygen saturation levels in neonates. The first study and second study both used reusable probes to detect oxygen saturation. The objectives are dissimilar between the three studies. The objective of the first study was done in order to determine the ease of implementing pulse oximetry screenings in community hospitals, the second study seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of the pulse oximetry screenings, and the third study seeks to compare and validate oxygen saturation levels that show up on clinical monitors, to blood samples of the neonates. The procedures done in each of the studies were different: the first study was done by a pulse oximeter placed on the right hand and a second pulse oximeter placed on either of the feet. The second study was done only by a single pulse oximeter placed only on either foot. The third study was done by drawing blood from the neonate and comparing the results of the blood to what the pulse oximeter said, which was placed on either of the neonates feet. The studies all differed in the parameters that they used. In the first study, a healthy neonate had an oxygen saturation greater than 95%, with less than a 3% difference in the saturations detected by the pulse oximeter on the right hand, and the one on the foot. In the second study, a normal saturation was considered to be 94% or greater. In the third study, a normal pulse oximeter reading was defined as being at 95% or greater. The studies differ in the level of education provided for the nursing staff, also. In study one, there was education and training provided for all nursing staff that worked in labor and delivery, and on the mother/baby floors. In the second study, there was no education or training provided, other than on the use of a pulse oximeter. In the third study, no education or training was noted on performing the procedure,

Arterial blood gas analysis (ABG analysis) is a method used to measure the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, these values are often reported as the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide respectively (1). AGB analysis is also used to directly measure blood pH, with the blood pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide, one is able to calculate the concentration of bicarbonate in the blood. ABG analysis can also be used to measure hemoglobin, lactate and electrolyte levels contained, but is most commonly used to measure oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH levels. As the name suggests, a sample of arterial blood is used to do the analysis. Arterial blood is used because it allows the physician to measure the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide that are dissolved in the