Necrotizing Fasciitis

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or more commonly, MRSA, is an emerging infectious disease affecting many people worldwide. MRSA, in particular, is a very interesting disease because although many people can be carriers of it, it generally only affects those with a depressed immune system; this is why it is so prevalent in places like nursing homes and hospitals. It can be spread though surgeries, artificial joints, tubing, and skin-to-skin contact. Although there is not one specific treatment of this disease, there are ways to test what antibiotics work best and sometimes antibiotics aren’t even necessary.

Describe methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its implications for patients who are diagnosed with this.

Necrotizing Fasciitis is a medical infection which requires emergency professional help as soon as it is indicated. The break down of this name can create an idea of the common symptoms relating to the bacteria. For example "it is" means inflammation describing how the skin gets due to the dead skin tissue. This requires medical diagnosis before being able to be treated. Lab tests and/or imaging are always required. This can be short-term or long-term eventually being deadly. Fewer than 20,000 cases in the United States occur per year.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a spherical bacteria which is known to produce a cytotoxin called Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PLV) which destroys leukocytes, and kills tissue (Lina et al., 1999). Five percent of strains of Staphylococcus are known to produce the disease-causing toxin (Lina et al., 1999), but though the amount of PLV-producing strains is somewhat small, the strains which produce PLV are apparently resistant to vancomycin, an antibiotic commonly used to treat staph infections (CDC, 2002). The first recorded case of S. aureus resistance to vancomycin was a reduction in sensitivity to the antibiotic observed in Japan, and has since spread to the United States (CDC, 2002). The most common source of infection of these drug-resistant bacteria are actually in hospitals, wherein the patients are exposed to the bacteria and subsequently infected (CDC, 2002).

MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) is one of the most recent superbugs to become a health problem. MRSA is a species of Staphylococcus Aureus that is resistant to the antibiotic methicillin and antibiotics like it. Doctors are struggling to find proper treatment because of its resistance to the beta-lactam ring, the core of most antibiotics. The most lethal strain is the CC398 strain, most commonly found on livestock. There are approximately 80,000 invasive MRSA infections and 11,000 deaths every year. (CNN.com)

MRSA stands for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and is a bacterial infection that is highly resistant to some antibiotics. In short, antibiotics have been used since the 40's to stop the growth of bacteria. However, the more antibiotics are used, the quicker the bacteria become resistant to it while each year more types of bacteria adapt and become resistant to antibiotics. With MRSA being so resistant to many of the antibiotics, classifying it as a “super-bug”, it makes treatment of skin infections and invasive internal infections much more complicated. This leads to many yearly deaths. In fact, MRSA statistics show that more people die each year from MRSA infections than the

MRSA which is short for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus is a staph or skin contamination that is resistant to a part of the most grounded anti-toxins. At the point when Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Auereus was initially found a few years prior when it spread in many healing centers and after that into the group, this contamination was known as one of the primary diseases to be resistant to the most effective anti-microbials. Staph contaminations have been referred to following the mid twentieth century as one of the deadliest infections. Staphylococcal contaminations are maladies brought about by various staphylococcal microscopic organisms. Twenty to thirty percent of all sound people get this contamination in the

(Nagel), “…The erysipelas would quickly spread widely in all directions. Flesh, sinews, and bones fell away in large quantities...Fever was sometimes present and sometimes absent...There were many deaths.The course of the disease was the same to whatever part of the body, it spread (Green 220)." The first known case of necrotizing fasciitis in America was described by a confederate soldier in 1883 (Edlich 2016). This bacterial infection was named hospital gangrene until it earned its permanent name as necrotizing fasciitis in 1952, because of the necrosis that occurred in the skin (Amanda 2002). During 19th and 20th centuries necrotizing fasciitis included, but was not limited to military hospitals during wartimes due to the lack of sanitation as well as the close quarters of the soldiers. A small number of civilian outbreaks have occurred over time. In 80’s and 90’s more virulent strains of streptococci reemerged to cause a variety of life-threatening infections, which included necrotizing fasciitis (Britannica 578). There was a worldwide spike in the number of reported cases in the mid-1980’s to early 1990s (Amanda 2002). By 1999, approximately 600 cases of necrotizing fasciitis were reported, as of 2010 there have been around 700 to 1,100 cases reported

Staph infection comes in different types and may cause disease due to direct infection or production of toxins by the bacteria. Boils, impetigo, food poisoning, cellulitis, and toxic shock syndrome are all examples of diseases that can be caused by Staphylococcus [2]. MRSA is a form of bacterial infection that is resistant to numerous antibiotics including methicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin and oxacillin, thus making it challenging to treat the infection [3].

A total of 36 (40.9%) MRSA were found, of which 26 (72.2%) were isolated from surfaces, 5 (13.8%) from indoor air, 4 (11.1%) from staff and one (2.7%) from a patient. All the 36 MRSA isolates were both mecA positive and cefoxitin resistant.

Before the turn of the 21st century, physicians across the country were realizing that the possibility of being able to treat and cure virtually any microbial infection with the use of a single or a combination of antimicrobial medications was becoming more and more of a challenge. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, reports of pathogenic resistance to even the most potent antimicrobial medications of the time were being sent to the Centers for Disease Control. Among even the most dangerous pathogens that have developed and are developing drug resistance to one or many antimicrobials, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is perhaps a case in which the world is most familiar and of the greatest concern within the medical community due to its natural virulence-its ability to cause a multitude of life-threatening infections, and its above average ability to combat and adapt to a vast array of environmental conditions.

Type I is the polymicrobial type, in which multiple types of bacteria interact. Type II specifically involves the bacterium group A Streptococcus, the most common and deadly cause of necrotizing fasciitis. Type III is closely related with the bacterium Clostridium, and usually appears in patients with colon cancer or leukemia. Lastly, type IV comprises all of the lesser known causes, such as various fungi and a few other types of bacteria (3). Encompassing all four classifications, the most well-known strains of bacteria that cause necrotizing fasciitis include group A Streptococcus, Staphylococcus auerus, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium (2). Knowing the specific type of bacteria involved is vital, because it determines the infection’s lethality and optimal treatment

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that is responsible for several infections in humans like pneumonia, bloodstream infection, etc. Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus was first identified among hospitalized patients in 1960s. MRSA is any strain of Staphylococcus aureus developed through the process of natural selection and resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins (methicillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, etc.) and the cephalosporins. It is of huge concern in hospitals, prisons, and nursing homes, where the patients are at high risk due to open wounds, invasive devices, and weakened immune systems. MRSA infections that occur in hospitals are known as Hospital Associated MRSA (HA-MRSA).

What a great article with lots of information on Necrotizing fasciitis (NF). I have similar experience with NF as you which is none. I found the review and article of “Necrotizing fasciitis: How reliable are the cutaneous signs?” very interesting as a future practitioner. Your review outlined the main points of the article and provided some great insight to NF.

soft tissue. The importance of early diagnosis is vital to the management and surgical removal of