Negative Consequences Of Sharp Drop Of Crude Oil Prices On The Nigerian Economy

Validity refers to whether the research conducted is what it intended to be. Validity involves dependability, which means, a valid measure must be reliable. But, reliability doesn’t have to link to validity, a reliable measure is not required to be valid.

In psychological assessment of any kind, validity is defined as “the degree to which all the accumulated evidence supports the intended

According to Polit and Beck (2017), validity is the extent by which research evidence reinforces that the data analysis are truthful and the method the date is utilized is suitable. There are arrays of threats to research design validity; threats to internal validity include testing and instrumentation, temporal ambiguity, selection, history, maturation, and attrition or mortality. Research scholar needs to understand that while appraising a research study, it is imperative that the validity is analyzed prior to implementing the result into practice, implementing an untrue research into practice could result in a compromised quality of care, astronomical expenses for the organization, and insignificant outcome to patient

52). When writing your report it’s important to write it with clarity so that anyone can read it and go out and do the research without having to ask you what you did. Another element for good research design is validity which is how well the study measures what it was designed to measure “the extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure” (Conley,. pg.

Validity refers to that measuring tool or approaches can accurately measure things needed to be measured. It can be considered as an extent that measured results reflect investigative contents. Measured results more tend to be identical, validity will be higher, vice versa. Guba and Lincoln (1981) argued that whole social research must include invalidity in order to acquire worthwhile data within both the rationalistic paradigm (quantitative research) and naturalistic paradigm (qualitative research). Some factors can determine the level of validity, which include bias, construct

Construct validity involves the process of linking the theory of the research with a specific method or procedure to measure the intended data (Burns and Burns, 2008: 430).

validity refers to how well a piece of research allows you to choose among alternate explanations

Validity is an important aspect of the research design. For instance, in research the uses statistics as the primary form of measurement. Validity applies to the truth of a standard. A measure is valid, in general, when it (Renata, 2011, 1) includes what it devised to measure. Renata (2011) explained, "Internal and external validity are the two primary types of validity" (para. 1). However, both display diverse aspects of a study’s design and results.

The term validity is the state of being valid or an experiment that meets all the requirements in the scientific research method. The term reliability means the results being performed in an experiment must have more than one-off meaning it must have the same results repeatedly. There are two different validity types. One of them is internal and the other is external validity. Internal validity shows how an experiment is being constructed including all the steps being executed in the scientific research method. External validity is when researchers examine the results that were being obtained for questioning whether or not if there are any possible solutions to a causal relationship. The new insights I’ve gained from these important concepts

Both reliability and validity are essential to the research process. Reliability and validity ensures that research data is both valuable and useful. Reliability is essentially, the ability to repeat the finding of research (Leedy & Ormrod, 2009). Research proves its reliability by yielding the same results numerous times. Validity is essentially, the believability of the research (Leedy & Ormrod, 2009). Research proves its validity by the providing legitimate and honest research. In research there are two main types of validly, internal and external (Leedy & Ormrod, 2009). The internal validity of a research study refers to the amount of truth in the conclusions drawn regarding the cause-effect or causality and is dependent on the amount of existing variables (Leedy & Ormrod, 2009). The external validity of a research study signifies the degree to which the results of an experiment can be generalized to varying demographics (Leedy & Ormrod, 2009). All research must possess the presence of both internal and external validity as well as measurement validity and reliability (Leedy & Ormrod, 2009).

According to Mugenda (1999) validity shows the degree to which the instrument measures the constructs under investigation. Cohen et al (1992) refers to content validity as the extent to which the instrument measures what it purports to measure. According to Somekh & Cathy (2005), validity is the degree by which the sample of test items represents the content the test is designed to measure. There are three types of validity tests: content validity, criterion validity and related construct validity. Content validity is the degree to which the instrument fully assesses or measures the construct of interest. Content validity, which is employed by this study, is a measure of the degree to which data collected using a particular instrument

The production and export data for this work was retrieved from the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) database, the regulating body for the Oil and Gas industry, beginning from Q1, 2005, to Q4, 2013. I also collected crude oil prices from the British Petroleum website. Although the Amnesty Program led to a significant increase in oil production, it does not necessarily suggest it is the best policy that could have been adopted due to its challenges. Introduction The Niger Delta region, the Nigeria crude oil base, had witnessed numerous protests at various times by its citizens over resource wealth and control.

According to statistics, “it is estimated that demand and consumption of petroleum in Nigeria grows at a rate of 12.8% annually. With an export industry with a substantially growth rate as Nigerian petroleum a lot of people would expect such a country to be moving forward in the development process, but it is not nearly so for Nigeria. It is unfortunate that the petroleum in the country is unavailable to the Nigerians,worst; it is so costly that domestics wouldn’t even consider it. This is due also to the fact that most of the oil rigged from the deepwater drilling is extracted by multiple oil companies of different nations and then refined overseas. So basically it becomes a situation where the natural resources are reaped away from the poor country materialized in the dominant countries and then price prohibitively high. Very rarely on special occasions a small account of the petroleum is distributed to the somewhat 200 million people in the country. Though

This paper is divided into four chapters; chapter 2 looks at crude oil refining in Nigeria, offering an overview and challenges that confronts it. In chapter 3, crude oil refining and petroleum products economics is examined and chapter 4 looks at the implications of both crude oil refining and importation vis - à – vis the economy. The chapter 5 concludes the paper with few suggestions as to what the best economic option should be in meeting the petroleum products demand in Nigeria.

Broad Aim: The broad aim of the study is to: To assess the implications and importance of oil and gas investment in Ghana.