Nendlund And Garpenby Analysis

Management of the acutely ill adult is a complex and perplexed procedure. It requires underpinning knowledge of the pathophysiology of the disease currently affecting the patient, as well as ensuring that professionals are equipped to deal with the development of a rapid deterioration. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2007) explain that patients are sometimes inadequately treated due to staff not acting in a sufficient time manner, and so a systematic assessment of the patient recommended by the Resuscitation Council (2006) should initially be followed (Jevon, 2009).

At the beginning of this article, the author brings up the fields of policy studies, how to understand the policy making and how they

The policy cycle suggested by Althaus, Bridgman and Davis consists of a continuous wheel which nominally begins with the task of 'identifying issues ' and progresses through 'policy analysis ', 'policy instruments ', consultation ', 'coordination ', 'decision ', 'implementation ' and 'evaluation ' before beginning the cycle again (Althaus et al 2013: 37-40). The authors admit that policy rarely actually follows this model sequentially in the steps outlined above and is really meant as more of a guide to good policy, rather than an evaluation of actual practice (Althaus et al 2013: 40-42).

Deborah Stone compares the market and polis models of policy making with the intent to show that the original origin of the public policy discipline was to be grounded in a practical science, economics, but to also show how and why the economic approach to policy making has significant limitations. Stone is arguing against the view that policy decision making is rational decision making. Deborah Stone’s main reason for comparing the two models of policy making is to identify and critique the simplistic assumptions that have been used in the market and rationality project. Stone is attempting to point out the paradox that exists between the two because the two models are evidently contradictory, the market being ground in rationality and the polis being based on emotion. Stone compares the two policies in order to show that economics cannot be solely used to understand policy making because the two are fundamentally different. She also points out that policy is made in a political society and because of this the polis model seeks to explain public policy as it actually happens in reality since the field and study of public policy was created to allow government to make decisions that would best benefit their citizens.

Each product must go through a progression of approval, clinical trials, and post market observation protocols in order to ensure its safety and effectiveness. Stages in the development of medical technologies are scientific background and development of idea for a product, product development, approval, and distribution, diffusion, adoption and utilization of the product. Health care professional, patients, families, and policy makers all struggle to understand how health is affected by behavior, economic and social

Advances in medical technology and processes are a double edged sword in regards to patient Quality of Life. Chronic-disease management has changed such that previously, people who would have died are now being kept alive due to the technological and medical advances dramatically increasing life expectancies over the centuries. With the advent of chemotherapy, surgeries and medications, life expectancy can sometimes be prolonged at the expense of Quality of Life.

The first two lectures, the introduction to policy making and agenda setting, gave a good background to the topic and laid a good foundation on which to discuss more specific issues. The policy triangle and the basic policy making sequence both were easy to understand and gave a good overview of this complex process. The further discussion of agenda setting opened my eyes to the importance of deciding what even makes it to the table to be discussed. It is easy to forget that before topics can even be debated and addressed, someone has

Since the turn of the 20th century, modern medicine has made significant advancements in treating the progression of disease. Diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, and several cancers are easily managed in today’s medical community. Yet, just a century ago, those diseases would ensure a swift and unfortunate demise. Since the mid 1960s, the emergence of technological advancements and treatment modalities has increased the U.S. population’s life expectancy. Presently, life can be extended for years due to the development and use of ventilators, gastro-intestinal tubes, and hemodialysis in terminally ill patients. With of the spark medical innovation, an unanticipated dilemma has developed within the holds of modern medicine and the U.S.

Medical technology encompasses a wide range of healthcare products and is used to diagnose, monitor, and treat diseases or medical conditions that affect humans. This may included but not limited too, pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and medical equipment. Such technologies are intended to improve the quality of healthcare delivered through earlier diagnosis, less invasive treatment options and reductions in hospital stays and rehabilitation times. Recent advances in medical technology have also focused on cost reduction. Medical technology may include medical devices, information technology, biotech, and healthcare services. The impacts of medical technology may involve social and ethical issues. For example physicians may seek objective information from technology rather than listening to subjective patient reports. A major contributor of healthcare expenditure in America is the advancement of medical technology. According to several studies it is shown that there is a correlation between the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP) and money allocated to healthcare. One of the leading theories is that medical technology is growing faster than expected.

Many factors prompt the innovation of new technologies: Consumer demand, clinical accountability, medical advancements, research agendas, population health targets and the capacity and resources

Thus, if a patient is not managed well then there can serious consequences that one

is one of the leading causes of death among hospitalized patients (Alberti et al., 2003). It

Keywords: intensive care, patient scenario, clinical practicum, pathophysiology, disease processes, interventions, diagnoses, assessments, health prevention, promotion, health outcomes

In intensive care, pyrexia may lead to unnecessary diagnostic tests, exposing patients to invasive procedures and inappropriate antibiotic use (Marik, 2000).

My difficult questions surround the doing and the reading of the policy process. There are three areas that I would like further explore: the role of citizen participation in the policy process, importance of critical and postmodern perspectives in understanding public policy, and the role of government.