Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Research Paper

It is a proven fact that cocaine use during pregnancy leads to serious complications. Cocaine can cross the placenta and enters the baby’s body, where it stays for longer because the elimination system is not fully developed. It leads to various complications and cocaine use in any form should be avoided throughout the pregnancy.

Through the years, substance misuse in the United States has turned into an industrious issue influencing numerous people. In 2008, it was assessed that 17.8 million Americans beyond 18 years old where substance subordinate. Women who use medications during pregnancy can have an enduring impact on fetal. Medications can have an impact of maternal and child wellbeing, yet there are a lot of different variables, which influence it, poor social environment, nourishment, cleanliness, and sexual abuse. Regenerative interruption connected with heroin utilization has been shown in both and women and even low dosages of opiates can impede ordinary ovarian capacity and ovulation. The harm that goes hand in hand with substance utilization comes either straightforwardly from the impact of the medication itself or from issues identified with development and/or unexpected labor. The entanglements of jumbling components clamorous way of life, poor nourishment, liquor utilization and cigarette smoking influence the appraisal of the impacts of cocaine in pregnancy. In obstetric practice, 100% of pregnant women utilizing cocaine or heroin are cigarette smokers. Cigarette smoking is presumably the most well known manifestation of substance utilizes and is noteworthy corresponding considering ladies who use unlawful medications. Babies whose moms smoked in pregnancy have a tendency to have lower conception weights and diminished length, cranial and thoracic

When a woman uses heroin while pregnant, her baby is at risk for many challenging effects that will ultimately follow him or her as they grow into an adult. As heroin enters a mother’s system, the drug crosses into the child through the placenta (“Heroin Addiction”, n.d.). While a baby is in utero, a mother’s substance abuse can cause a fetus to grow at a slower rate, lead to the rupturing of the membranes surrounding the baby that results in premature labor, and cause a possible stillbirth, which means the fetus dies in the womb (“An Overview of Heroin”, n.d.). Substance abuse can also cause the placenta to separate from the uterine wall leading to dangerous heavy bleeding, which is a threat to both mother and child (“Heroin and Pregnancy,” 2015). Along with possible placenta abruption, the use of heroin can lead to the intrauterine passage of meconium (“Opioid Abuse,” 2012). After labor and delivery, the effects

The National Health Institute (NIH) explains that addictive drugs such as amphetamines, cocaine, barbiturates, diazepam, and opiates consumed during pregnancy pass from mother to the fetus by crossing the placenta. This causes the baby to become addicted to these drugs along with the mother. Once born, the newborn no longer receives these drugs which then results in NAS (“Neonatal abstinence syndrome”, 2012a).

Risk Factors: addiction in mother, no prenatal care, no support system for mother, high stress levels in mother

Problematic substance use in pregnancy is prevalent among the Canadian population. The statistics are well documented in the literature. According to a Health Quality Ontario report from 2012, about one in 100 pregnant women giving birth in Ontario hospitals shows substance use. The rate of substance abuse among pregnant women has increased since 2009 by about ten percent. Dow et al. (2012) identify that the management of substance use is particularly problematic in Northern Ontario. Many First Nations communities are in a state of emergency regarding abuse of prescription narcotics (Dow et al., 2012, p. 489).

The title slide and variables could have been explained in a way to let the reader know that neonatal outcome was being measured after exposure to treatment medication methadone and buprenorphine and not just "opioids."Mariah's presentation followed the grading rubric she did not over-crowd her slides, which made it an easy read. Overall, Mariah's presentation was informative.

The Adoption Encyclopedia “ Estimates of the percentage of pregnant women using cocaine have ranged from 10% to as high as 28% in some areas.” Cocaine is one of the oldest drugs known to man. This is a powerfully addictive stimulant, and is derived from coca leaves, and this drug has been abused for thousands of years. Crack Cocaine's worst damage to the fetus is its effect on the brain. It causes the brain's of both the mother and the fetus to experience the typical surge of dopamine. Since the fetal brain is still in the process of development, it can result in serious psychological addiction, attention deficit disorders, lack of cognitive abilities and developmental problems. Also crack's effects on the fetus result in seizures. Babies that are exposed to crack are at increased risk of birth defects, which include heart deformities. Crack causes an unborn baby to have a stroke or a heart attack. Cocaine abuse by mothers during pregnancy is linked with abnormalities in the development of the heart both before and after birth. Crack Cocaine

Methadone is typically given to treat opioid dependence. This drug, which is a mu-opioid agonist, works by limiting withdrawal symptoms and the desire to use opiates. However, methadone has been shown to have a high incidence of causing neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in the child. This leads severe problems in the infant such as, hyperirritability of the central nervous system, autonomic system malfunction, respiratory disorders, and others. NAS results in longer hospitalization and more

In the past 20 years, prescription opioid abuse has been a rapidly growing issue in the United States. This rapid increase in abuse has led to more overdose deaths, and the increase of individuals pursuing treatment for their addiction (Brady, McCauley, & Back, 2013). The rising frequency of maternal opioid abuse affects thousands of mothers and newborns each year. According to the National Institute on Drug abuse, the use of opiates during pregnancy can result in a drug withdrawal syndrome in newborns called neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Almost every drug passes from the mother's bloodstream through the placenta to the fetus. Illicit substances that cause drug dependence and addiction in the mother also cause the fetus

Early symptoms typically start within 24 hours after a person stops taking the drug and can include aches, anxiety, restlessness, runny nose, excessive sweating and sleeplessness. Later symptoms may be more intense and tend to begin on the first day. These can include diarrhea, cramping in the abdomen, nausea and vomiting, rapid heartbeat, dilated pupils, blurred vision and high blood pressure.

One drug-dependent baby is born every hour in the USA (Ungar, 2014). Prescription and non-prescription drugs, such as thalidomide, diethylstilbestrol Accutane, cocaine, heroin have shown negative effects on embryos, young children both physically and behaviorally (Berk, 2014). These abnormalities

The condition occurs when the pregnant mother uses opiate drugs such as cocaine, heroin, oxycontin, methodone, or buprenorphine. These harmful substances pass across the placental membrane and into the fetal blood circulation, causing the fetus to become dependent on the drug. After delivery these infants are no longer exposed to the substances and will go through a withdrawal period.

Abstinence may seem like an archaic birth control option but many people still agree with it to this day. Basically, this method consists of refraining from all things sexual until you’ve decided to get pregnant. This method completely prevents pregnancies as well as the contraction of an STD. There is not a failure rate when practicing abstinence unless one chooses to give into the temptation of sex. Abstaining from sex also include abstaining for things beside penetration.

In its basic form, abstinence is not using addicting substances. Aa Milhoen, (2018), wrote abstinence is a process of change and in turn healing. Healing involves the physiological, psychological, and social damage which were caused by substance dependence. Twelve Step Facilitation (TSF), based on Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) has abstinence as the treatment goal. However, MBRP and Cognitive Behavior treatment has as their goals reducing substance craving acceptance, awareness, and nonjudgment.