Neonatal Sepsis Case Studies

Under the Core measures, Sepsis is one of the problem-focused trigger for systemic infection and if untreated which can lead to death. In United States, it is the 11th leading cause of death and consumes the large amount of costs about $20.3 billion in 2011 (Jones et al.,2016). According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 1.5 million people diagnosed with sepsis, and at least 250,000 patients die from that yearly (CDC, 2017). The evidence-based research revealed with results of certain pre existing conditions, pathophysiological studies, preventive measures and sepsis bundle for treating and preventing sepsis to save the life of the patients.

Group B Streptococcus agalactiae is an important Gram-positive bacterial pathogen that cause a wide variety of clinical infections, ranging from septicemia to meningitis. The reported lethality of severe S. agalactiae infections is ranging from 4 to 6% in the United States. Of note, it has been suggested that the incidence of neonatal disease is considerably greater than reported, because the requirement for positive cultures from blood or cerebrospinal fluid may underestimates the true burden of disease. Therefore, in this review I focused on virulence factors of S. agalactiae in order to elucidate aspects of the infection.

On his death certificate they declared his cause to be Sepsis by an unknown origin. Sepsis is defined as a systemic inflammatory response that occurs within the body due infection within the bloodstream. Common sites for infection that cause sepsis include pneumonia, kidney infections, or abdominal infections. The infection can be either bacterial, viral, or fungal. The most common gram positive organisms include staphylococcus aureus and enterococci. Common gram negative organisms include pseudomonas species and E. coli.

Severe Sepsis affects 750,000 Americans and causes more than 200,000 deaths annually. Sepsis is a complex condition that results from an infectious process that represents the body's response to infection and involves systemic inflammatory and cellular events that result in altered circulation and coagulation, endothelial dysfunction and impaired tissue perfusion (Kleinpell, 2005). Associated mortality rates with sepsis in the United States have remained largely unchanged for several decades. Through an international collaboration known as the

Pediatric sepsis can present itself in a number of ways, it is manifested by: rashes, changes in skin color, decreased amount of urine, lethargy, fever above 1004 F, and disinterest or difficulty feeding, among others (Rory Staunton Foundation for Sepsis Prevention, n.d.) When sepsis takes place, the circulatory system is often the first system to become compromised. Tachycardia, tachypnea, peripheral vasodilation, fever, or worst case scenario, circulatory collapse can happen (Santhanam, 2016). If continued, sepsis can eventually affect multiple organs, also known as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOBS), or worse lead to death. The signs and symptoms of sepsis reflect the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). As medical doctor Shankar Santhanam (2016) states in the “Pediatric Sepsis,” SIRS can be caused by infectious or

Nurses play a significant and a very critical role in decreasing incidence of septic shock by early identification immediate treatment. The first role of the nurse starts with assessing and recognizing patients who are at risk for sepsis. According to Janice Tazbir, RN., M.S., CCRN, early recognition of sepsis could decreases the mortality rate by 25% (Tazbir, 2012) Tazbir identified, very ill patients due to an infectious agent, patients in the intensive care unit, patients with invasive devices, patients with wounds, burns, and surgeries are at higher risk for sepsis that could lead to septic shock. However, nurses must keep in mind that some patients may not always develop the same classic signs of sepsis due to the effects of different medications that they may be receiving. For this reason, prevention is the key and it starts with implementing a thorough hand hygiene, and maintaining

The decision to have antibiotic treatment depends on you, if you have a low risk of having GBS. Some homeopathic physicians recommend taking herbal remedies to prevent infection a few weeks before delivery.

Diagnosis of sepsis is still mainly based on systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in the presence of a known infection. SIRS is very common in critically ill patients, being found in various conditions, including trauma, surgery and pancreatitis [1, 2]. Microbiological culture as a gold standard is used to distinguish sepsis from non-infectious conditions. However, this method lacks sensitivity, and there is often a substantial time delay. Thus, there is an urgent need for a fast, simple and accurate method to enhance sepsis diagnosis.

Kleinpell states, “Septic shock is the result of an overwhelming infection, leading to hypotension, altered coagulation, inflammation, impaired circulation at a cellular level, anaerobic metabolism, changes in mental status and multiple organ failure (as sited in Garretson & Malberti, Ignatavicius and Workman (2009), “sepsis is a widespread infection coupled with a more general criteria: body temperature higher than 380C or lower than 360C, heart rate greater than 90 beats per minute, respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths per minutes, and WBC count greater than 12,000/mm or lower than 4,000/mm or with more than 10% bands (Spaniol, Knight, Zebley, Anderson, Pierce, 2007). Endotoxins from gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, can precipitate the common progression of events leading to septic shock. A patient experiencing SIRS is at risk for organ failure (severe sepsis), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and death. This paper will outline the details surrounding this condition, from a nursing standpoint.

Assessment Although a patient in severe sepsis may be transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU), medical-surgical nurses must be able to recognize early signs and symptoms of sepsis to ensure prompt treatment before the patient requires ICU admission. Severe sepsis Severe sepsis occurs when a patient with documented sepsis goes on to develop acute organ dysfunction with hypoperfusion and tissue hypoxemia. Simple prevention strategies Without proper assessment and early identification, patients with sepsis can deteriorate quickly, suffering compromised tissue oxygenation and organ dysfunction for many hours. Be aware that although blood pressure readings are crucial in assessing and planning care for the septic patient, mean arterial pressure

Group B streptococcus, or GBS, is most commonly known as neonatal sepsis. The causative organism for this infection is an encapsulated Streptococcus agalactiae. Streptococcus agalactie is a gram-positive spherical bacterium that can be found within the reproductive, gastrointestinal tract and rectum. Although it is not a sexually transmitted infection, this type of bacterium cause harm to the fetus during pregnancy. It comes and goes throughout a persons’ lifetime and does not show symptoms in women who are colonized. Although group b streptococcus exists in the rectum of 25% of pregnant women, only about 2% of them will develop an

A. Sepsis is a life threatening bacterial infection that causes the blood to clot, which will block the flow of blood to the main organs

An acute nurse knows that the cause of sepsis results from a systemic response to an infection that has entered the bloodstream leading to widespread inflammation. Sepsis leads to impaired oxygenation and tissue perfusion Gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria and fungi enter the blood stream either directly from the site of infection or indirectly as a result of toxic substances released by the bacteria production of bacteremia. Bacteria and fungi live anywhere a micro-organism can grow and remain alive even without a host. Patients can acquire an infection from endogenous sources such as wounds on the skin, genitalia, mouth, or infection of the gestational tract or nose. Exogenous sources include door handles, bathrooms, restaurant/ fast

Severe sepsis and septic shock are major healthcare complications that affect millions of individuals worldwide each year, killing approximately one in four and is growing in incidence. Similar to acute myocardial infarction or stroke, the quickness of appropriate treatment administration, especially in the initial hours after severe sepsis development, is crucial and will most likely influence the patient’s outcome (Dellinger, et al., 2013, p. 583).

immediately if you notice any sign of infection. Signs to look out for may include any or all