Neonatal Sepsis

Sepsis is both best known yet most poorly understood medical disorders [1]. Sepsis leads to shock, multiple organ failure and death if not recognized early and treated promptly [2]. It is a serious clinical condition that represents a patient’s response to infection and has a high mortality rate [3]. Sepsis remains the dominant challenge in the care of critically ill patients [4]. Up to 19 million cases of sepsis worldwide per annum is estimated. The true incidence is higher [1]. Sepsis is associated with a mortality rate of 25 - 30% and mortality due to septic shock is 50-85% [6-8]. Patients with sepsis requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission had high rates of ICU and overall hospital mortality, ranging from 18 to 50% [9-12]. The most common sites of infection are

The systemic inflammatory response is the next step in the continuum and is a nonspecific inflammatory state that may be seen with an infection. Sepsis is the presence of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) with evidence of infection. As the bacteria invade the bloodstream, they release endotoxins that damage the endothelial cell lining and impair the vascular system, coagulation mechanism, and immune system. These endotoxins also trigger the immune and inflammatory responses, which results in the activation of macrophages and CD4 cells that release proinflammatory cytokines to create a systemic inflammatory response to the pathogen. Hospitalized patients may quickly progress from bacteremia to sepsis and finally to septic shock, even with treatment.

Sepsis is defined by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) as “the presence (probable or documented) of infection together with systemic manifestations of infection” (Dellinger et al.,

Sepsis is a rapidly progressive illness that must be treated early with antibiotics and supportive care.

Sepsis is a life-threatening and potentially fatal condition caused by the body’s reaction to an infection. Sepsis occurs when chemicals normally released in the bloodstream to fight infection trigger inflammation throughout the body. This can result in damage to multiple organs, which can cause organ damage and, in some cases, death.

Premature babies sometimes have apnea. It may happen together with a slow heart rate. Respiratory distress syndrome or RDS is a breathing problem most common in babies born before 34 weeks of pregnancy.” Babies with RDS don’t have a protein called surfactant that keeps small air sacs in the lungs from collapsing. “Intraventricular hemorrhage or IVH is bleeding in the brain. It usually happens near the ventricles in the center of the brain. A ventricles is a space in the brain that’s filled with fluid. Patent ductus ateriosus or PDA is a heart problem that happens in the connection between two major blood vessels near the heart. If the ductus do not close properly after birth, a baby can have breathing problems or heart failure. Heart failure is when enough blood can’t get pumped into the heart causing it to shut down. Necrotizing enter colitis (NEC) is a problem with a baby’s intestines. It causes feeding problems, a swollen belly and diarrhea. It sometimes happens 2 to 3 weeks after a premature bay has been born. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is an abnormal growth of blood vessels in the eye. ROP can lead to vision loss. Jaundice is when a baby's eyes and skin look yellow. A baby has jaundice when his liver isn't fully developed or isn't working well. Anemia is when a baby doesn’t have enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to the rest of the body. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a lung condition that can develop in premature babies as well as babies who have treatment with a breathing machine. Babies with BPD sometimes develop fluid in the lungs, scarring and lung damage. Premature babies often have trouble fighting off germs because their immune systems are not fully formed. Infections that may affect a premature baby include pneumonia, a lung infection; sepsis, a blood infection; and meningitis, an infection in the fluid around the brain and

After earning his doctor of medicine from the Medical College of Georgia, Dr. Allen Cherer undertook an internship and a residency in pediatrics through the University of Louisville School of Medicine/Kosair Children's Hospital. He holds certification through the American Board of Pediatrics and the Sub-Board of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine. Dr. Allen Cherer is also official educational provider through the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP).

Thirty to 50 percent of the 400,000 to 500,000 cases of sepsis in the United States each year are fatal, emphasizing the seriousness of this public health concern [2]. Recent research into possible alternative treatment options indicates that patients being treated with statin therapy are less likely to develop sepsis from a serious infection, die from sepsis or develop serious complications due to sepsis; however, the mechanism of action is unknown and therefore is the focus of this study [2, 6, 10-12]. Possible mechanisms of action include a direct interaction of the statin with the sepsis-causing organism, an interaction between the statin and the host immune system or a combination of the two [9, 14, 16-17]. Additionally, recent studies indicate that statins may have a direct antimicrobial effect and has suggested that statins may diminish the replication and infectivity of some pathogens responsible for sepsis [11, 14, 16-17]. Thus, we hypothesized that statins could benefit septic patients by

Sepsis is a substantial health care condition. Jones et al. (2016) describes sepsis as the “11th leading cause of death in the United States ranking 10th in people 65 years of age and older” (p. 122). This impact of mortality from sepsis is devastating to many families in the United States. Facing the health care system also is the cost of septicemia. Septicemia was the most costly and most common reason for hospitalization, as reported by Jones et al (2016) “accounting for 1,094,000 hospital stays and $20.3 billion in aggregated hospital costs, the average cost for an admission for sepsis at $18,600” (p. 122).

On his death certificate they declared his cause to be Sepsis by an unknown origin. Sepsis is defined as a systemic inflammatory response that occurs within the body due infection within the bloodstream. Common sites for infection that cause sepsis include pneumonia, kidney infections, or abdominal infections. The infection can be either bacterial, viral, or fungal. The most common gram positive organisms include staphylococcus aureus and enterococci. Common gram negative organisms include pseudomonas species and E. coli.

1. Sepsis is a complex immune disorder that is characterized by systemic hyper-inflammation. Where multifunctional endogenous factors, have been implicated in exacerbation of inflammation in many immune disorders including sepsis pulmonary infection with Francisella novicida, a Gram negative bacterial pathogen.

According to the National Institute of General Medical Sciences severe sepsis strikes about 750,000 people in the United States each year and kills an estimated 28 to 50 percent of those individuals. The most vulnerable populations for sepsis are the elderly and newborns. After completing the whole eleven segments, I learned that anyone with an infection may be at risk for developing sepsis. The whole scenario helped me how to screen for sepsis and how important is to recognize and respond appropriately to early signs of sepsis in hospitalized patients. Once sepsis is diagnosed, early and aggressive treatment can begin which greatly reduces mortality rates associated with sepsis. After completing the whole scenario I learned how to approach

Pediatric sepsis can present itself in a number of ways, it is manifested by: rashes, changes in skin color, decreased amount of urine, lethargy, fever above 1004 F, and disinterest or difficulty feeding, among others (Rory Staunton Foundation for Sepsis Prevention, n.d.) When sepsis takes place, the circulatory system is often the first system to become compromised. Tachycardia, tachypnea, peripheral vasodilation, fever, or worst case scenario, circulatory collapse can happen (Santhanam, 2016). If continued, sepsis can eventually affect multiple organs, also known as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOBS), or worse lead to death. The signs and symptoms of sepsis reflect the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). As medical doctor Shankar Santhanam (2016) states in the “Pediatric Sepsis,” SIRS can be caused by infectious or

Diagnosis of sepsis is still mainly based on systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in the presence of a known infection. SIRS is very common in critically ill patients, being found in various conditions, including trauma, surgery and pancreatitis [1, 2]. Microbiological culture as a gold standard is used to distinguish sepsis from non-infectious conditions. However, this method lacks sensitivity, and there is often a substantial time delay. Thus, there is an urgent need for a fast, simple and accurate method to enhance sepsis diagnosis.

It is an infection caused by pathogens such as viruses, but more likely bacteria, especially when children are getting sick. In particular, the "responsible" is the number one affection Streptococcus, to be defeated, as we shall see in a moment, with the right