Nephrolithiasis Case Study

     Luckily, after the excruciating occurrence, the stone usually doesn’t damage anything. Sometimes there comes a situation where the kidney stone either becomes too big or for some reason gets wedged in the urinary tract and the pain worsens. Also, the urine begins to get backed up, and the bladder and urinary tract begins to get infected. Thus, an operation must be performed. Originally, they were removed, either by slicing the bladder or kidney open, or by shoving an instrument up the ureter. Fortunately, through the miracles of technology, one does not necessarily have to go through this “invasive” treatment. Instead, there is a treatment that uses shockwaves to slice up the stone. This is called kidney stone lithotripsy. A large machine uses sound waves to break up the stone into small fragments that can be more easily passed through.

Men are more likely to have kidney stones, because their urinary tract is larger than women's. Men are more prone to kidney stones their weight and size. Kidney stones are caused by low fluid intake, hot environments, high salt and protein intake, depending on your body kidney stones are able to develop due to lack of support from your body. As being the medical assistant I would be sure to make sure they are drinking plenty of water and are getting plenty of rest. I would also tell my patient to eat healthy fruit as is, without adding sugar or salt.

Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a type of kidney disease in which the glomeruli of the kidneys become inflamed. The glomeruli, which are the filtration components of the kidneys, are specialized groups of capillaries, which lie between two resistance vessels (Pollak, Quaggin, Hoenig, & Dworkin, 2014). Approximately 200 years ago, Richard Bright was the first to describe glomerular disease. His diagnosis was primarily targeted towards the existence of proteinuria, in his patients. Proteinuria is the presence of protein in the urine. In order to determine whether or not proteinuria was present, Bright would heat his patients’ urine on a spoon. The presence of a precipitate after the heating process indicated a positive result for proteinuria (Couser

Urinary stones, as known as Nephrolithiasis, a common disease that affects 1 in 10 Australians. The most of stones pass spontaneously, but some conditions, particularly ongoing pain, renal impairment and infection, mandate intervention (Macneil & Bariol, 2011). The formation of urinary stone is the calcium and uric get stuck together in the urine and becomes hard crystals. It can be small as the grain of sand or large as a golf ball (Health line, N.D). Patient whom has urinary stone will feel ongoing pain that as known as renal colic, when those stones become big enough. Renal colic is a pain caused by urinary tract stone blockage, it can be anywhere in the urinary tract that including the area from kidneys to the ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.

Nephrolithiasis can be suspected based on the history and physical examination. However, lab works and diagnostic imaging are important to confirm and exclude the diagnosis of nephrolithiasis. Urinalysis is performed to examine the presence of blood, urine pH and crystals to identify the contents of the stone as well as infection. An elevated WBC count or presence of bacteria in the urine is a sign of infection. Identifying the stone composition will help to direct the medical therapy for the patient. A 24 hour urine collection is done to identify dietary and individual risk factors for recurrent nephrolithiasis. Several imaging studies can be performed to rule out nephrolithiasis. If a patient is pregnant or contraindicated for better imaging

n.d.). P. Mirabilis is usually not pathogenic, however, once it enters urinary tract, lungs or wounds in the human body, it becomes pathogenic and will use blood vessels to travel to other areas of the body (Murphy, P. n.d.). P. mirabilis can cause urinary tract infections and kidney stones (EOL, n.d.). A urinary tract infection is an infection of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, bladder, urethra and ureters (M. (2015, July 23). When you have a urinary tract infection you will have symptoms of red and strong-smelling urine, pelvic pain and a burning sensation while peeing (M. (2015, July 23). Urinary tract infections are treated with antibiotics (M. 2015, July 23). Kidney stones are hard, small masses made up acid salts and minerals that are formed inside the kidneys (M. 2015, February 26). When you have kidney stones you will have severe back pain, trouble urinating, cloudy urine, urinating more than normal and pink, red, or brown urine (M. 2015, February 26). There is no treatment for kidney stones, they have to pass on their own (M. 2015, February 26). This process is usually very painful, but usually do not cause any later damage (M. 2015, February 26). To make them tolerable, doctors recommend drinking water and pain relievers (M. 2015, February

Your urine test and physical exam showed a kidney infection. This is called pyelonephritis. It is a urinary tract infection that affects your kidney. The urinary tract includes the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. Most kidney infections result from lower urinary tract infections, usually bladder infections, and occur when bacteria travel from the vagina or rectal area into the urethra and bladder. The urethra is the tube that empties urine from the bladder. From the bladder, the bacteria travel up the ureter or ureters into the kidney or kidneys. The ureters are the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. In women, the urethra is very short, which allows bacteria to spread to the bladder easily, and eventually, the kidney.

Renal Stones: In a normal system the calcium levels in the blood are at a safe level, and helps with contracting muscles, releasing hormones making sure that nerves and the brain are functioning properly. In like Mr. Doe who has too high calcium levels in his blood can cause renal stones can begin to develop. Renal stones block the ability of homeostasis to occur. When these calcium deposits get lodged and block urine from being able to exit in order empty out the bladder, thus the body isn’t able to function properly.

Kidneys stones are a solid piece of mass most commonly made up of calcium oxalate and are found in the kidney or ureter. Kidneys stones are formed when there is a high concentration of a crystal forming substance such as, calcium, phosphorus, and sodium, and the urine is unable to dilute it. Also, if the urine lacks the substances which prevent the crystals from sticking together, this creates an ideal environment for the stones to form. One type of a very common kidney stone is, calcium oxalate. The build up of the calcium oxalate in the human body can be explained using equilibrium. Calcium oxalate is able to break down into calcium ions and oxalic acid, and the reaction is able to go backwards as well. When calcium oxalate (CaC2O4) is

The pathology is graded from 1 to 5 with increasing degree of severity. Grade 1 describes a reflux that is limited to the non-dilated ureter. In grade 2, the urine refluxes into the renal pelvis and the calyces, without causing any dilation. In grade 3 the ureter and renal pelvis are moderately dilated and/or tortuous, but no or minimal blunting of the fornices should be observed. The dilation and tortuosity of the ureter and renal pelvis becomes more severe in grade 4, while the sharp angles of the fornices are obliterated but papillary impressions are preserved. Grade 5 describes severely dilated and tortuous ureter, pelvis and calyces; loss of papillary impressions is observed in most calyces. The radiologic features of the grades are illustrated in figure

Renal Calculi is a kidney stone. They are solid masses made up of crystals that form in the kidneys and are a common cause of abdominal, flank or groin pain and are a common cause of blood in the urine. Normally they originate in the kidneys but have been found to develop anywhere in the urinary tract. Renal Calculi can be made up of different types of crystals such as calcium, cystine, struvite and uric acid. Calcium stones are the most common and Cystine stones are rare. While Uric Acid stones are more common in men than women, Struvite are more common in women (Healthline.com, 2016).

Kidney stones are a big problem and seem to be on the rise. Statistics report that out of every 100 men, around 13 will get kidney stones in their lifetime and 7 out of every 100 women will. It is estimated that one in ten people will have a kidney stone at some time in their lives. Since kidney function is essential for survival, we all have them (or at least one) and therefore are at risk for kidney stones. It is important of people that struggle with kidney stones to try and figure out what is causing them in order to take the proper steps to treat or prevent them. It is amazing how something so small can cause such a big problem.

One of the major concerns associated with contrast administration is the risk for renal impairment known as contrast induced nephropathy (CIN). Furthermore, CIN is a serious complication effecting patient outcomes and health care costs. Studies agree, while the true number of CIN occurrences is difficult to attain, pre-existing health factors and conditions, such as, advanced age, kidney disease, congestive heart failure, hypertension, hyperuricemia, hypovolemia, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, diabetes mellitus, and Glucophage are known to increase the risk potential (Schwab et al., 1989). In addition to CIN, other contrast reactions include contrast induced bronchospasm, and mild systemic contrast reactions. Therefore, identification

The presence of kidney stones usually cause pain which is very very beginning on side or back, under her hips and moves to the lower abdomen and groin. The pain changed along with the movement of kidney stones in the urinary tract. Kidney stones can also cause urinary difficulties You and this will increasingly worsen the condition. Avoid the formation of stones in the kidney you with these steps.

Men are more prone to getting kidney stones because they intake more calories during a day than a female does. This means that they are intaking more sodium than what a woman would within one day. An individual can lower the risk of developing kidney stones by taking in less sodium. If a person is a coffee drinker they need to lower the amount of sugar that they put into their coffee. They can also not eat out as much because of the amoints of grease and salt that is inside of fast food. You as a medical assistant can try to encourage a patient to have a healthier diet and that they need to rest as much as they can and try not to do anything that's going to make the kidney stones worse.