Nephrolithiasis Term Paper

Nephrolithiasis can be suspected based on the history and physical examination. However, lab works and diagnostic imaging are important to confirm and exclude the diagnosis of nephrolithiasis. Urinalysis is performed to examine the presence of blood, urine pH and crystals to identify the contents of the stone as well as infection. An elevated WBC count or presence of bacteria in the urine is a sign of infection. Identifying the stone composition will help to direct the medical therapy for the patient. A 24 hour urine collection is done to identify dietary and individual risk factors for recurrent nephrolithiasis. Several imaging studies can be performed to rule out nephrolithiasis. If a patient is pregnant or contraindicated for better imaging

CKD will cause the body to retain many excess fluids and waste that are normally filtered out to prevent internal harm throughout the body. With kidney disease there will be a rise in blood pressure due to the amount of extra fluid that is retained in the blood vessels. This fluid retention will cause the passageways to become narrow and make blood passage through the vessels increasingly difficult, in turn causing an increase in blood pressure. There will also be an increase in protein and blood found in the urine because it is not filtered out properly by the kidneys. Swelling will occur in the extremities and around the eyes because of the fluid retention as well. The longer the urine goes unfiltered the harder it may become to urinate due to pain or blockage or there may be more frequent night time urination (The National Kidney Foundation, 12).

n.d.). P. Mirabilis is usually not pathogenic, however, once it enters urinary tract, lungs or wounds in the human body, it becomes pathogenic and will use blood vessels to travel to other areas of the body (Murphy, P. n.d.). P. mirabilis can cause urinary tract infections and kidney stones (EOL, n.d.). A urinary tract infection is an infection of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, bladder, urethra and ureters (M. (2015, July 23). When you have a urinary tract infection you will have symptoms of red and strong-smelling urine, pelvic pain and a burning sensation while peeing (M. (2015, July 23). Urinary tract infections are treated with antibiotics (M. 2015, July 23). Kidney stones are hard, small masses made up acid salts and minerals that are formed inside the kidneys (M. 2015, February 26). When you have kidney stones you will have severe back pain, trouble urinating, cloudy urine, urinating more than normal and pink, red, or brown urine (M. 2015, February 26). There is no treatment for kidney stones, they have to pass on their own (M. 2015, February 26). This process is usually very painful, but usually do not cause any later damage (M. 2015, February 26). To make them tolerable, doctors recommend drinking water and pain relievers (M. 2015, February

Your urine test and physical exam showed a kidney infection. This is called pyelonephritis. It is a urinary tract infection that affects your kidney. The urinary tract includes the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. Most kidney infections result from lower urinary tract infections, usually bladder infections, and occur when bacteria travel from the vagina or rectal area into the urethra and bladder. The urethra is the tube that empties urine from the bladder. From the bladder, the bacteria travel up the ureter or ureters into the kidney or kidneys. The ureters are the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. In women, the urethra is very short, which allows bacteria to spread to the bladder easily, and eventually, the kidney.

The technology is used only if the stone is big or if the stone is blocking the flow of urine. The doctor will tell the patient to book for an appointment, so a Endoscopic surgery can be performed, to take out the stone.

Why are men more prone to having kidney stones? I would have to say that they are more prone to having them because of the diet they are eating and working with. Men like to drink Mtn. Dew and that can cause kidney stones and that is a big kicker for it. Men have more muscle mass and can also cause them. With being out in the medical field when my pt has a kidney stone I can educate them on them and get them the help that they need.

The pathology is graded from 1 to 5 with increasing degree of severity. Grade 1 describes a reflux that is limited to the non-dilated ureter. In grade 2, the urine refluxes into the renal pelvis and the calyces, without causing any dilation. In grade 3 the ureter and renal pelvis are moderately dilated and/or tortuous, but no or minimal blunting of the fornices should be observed. The dilation and tortuosity of the ureter and renal pelvis becomes more severe in grade 4, while the sharp angles of the fornices are obliterated but papillary impressions are preserved. Grade 5 describes severely dilated and tortuous ureter, pelvis and calyces; loss of papillary impressions is observed in most calyces. The radiologic features of the grades are illustrated in figure

Injury to the glomerulus and the tubules presents the onset of Intra-renal failure (Matzke, 2011). Some of the frequent causes for Intra-renal failure are glomerulonephritis; pyelonephritis; and tubular injury. Post-renal failure develops from things like ureteroliths, tumors, or anatomic impediments. Opposite of the acute form, the chronic form has a slow onset that has no early stage symptoms. It is important to know that following an acute episode a chronic renal episode often follows, and at this juncture the damage is irreversible. Glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis combined, has been reported to be the forerunner in as much as half the cases from acute to chronic renal failure. Diabetes mellitus, renal vascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, drug damage, and nephrolith are all examples of other causes of CKD (Pradeep, 2014). Biopsies of kidneys that suffered with CKD reveal smaller kidneys with scarring on the tubules.

Kidney cancer is a cancer that begins in the kidneys. Cancer begins when cells in the body start to become uncontrollable. Cells in almost any part of the body can get to become cancerous, and can spread to different parts of the body. Renal cell carcinoma also called renal cell disease or renal cell adenocarcinoma, is by a wide margin the most well known sort of kidney cancer. Around 9 out of 10 kidney cancers are renal cell carcinomas. Despite the fact that RCC typically develops as a solitary tumor inside a kidney, at or more tumors in one kidney or even tumors in both kidneys in the meantime. There are a few subtypes of RCC, construct for the most part in light of how the cancer cells look under a magnifying instrument. Knowing the subtype

Animals can receive a cystotomy, where the stones are removed. During this procedure the animal lies on it’s back, while under anesthesia. An incision is performed through the abdominal wall in front of the pelvis. The bladder of the animal is exposed and lifted out through the incision. Liquid body waste should be collected for culture and analysis. The bladder is opened with an incision and the stones are removed. The bladder and urethra should be flushed with a sterile saline solution in order to wash any tiny or microscopic particles. Urohydropulsion can also be performed to remove stones. The animal is anesthetized and a urinary catheter is inserted. Through the urinary catheter the bladder is filled with sterile saline. The animal is grasped in an upright position, while the veterinarian uses manual compression to force the sterile saline out along with the stones. This procedure is only performed in a situation which the stones are small in size.(Dr Foster and Smith, 1997) Increasing water consumption of an animal helps dilute the urine or makes it less concentrated, which is beneficial for the animal. Providing animals with wet food opposes to dry food increases an animal’s water consumption.(UC Davis School of Medicine,

Kidney Stones are also called Renal Calculi. Nephrolithiasis is the condition of having Kidney Stones . These stones come about from chemicals in the urine, forming a tough crystalline mineral deposit from within the kidney, that stick together inside the kidney or urinary tract. Typically, they develop in the inner surfaces of one or both of the kidneys. Supersaturation urine is what actually creates the stones, this happens when there is an imbalance in the waste chemicals in the urine, which then causes the stones. As to under saturation urine crystals cannot be formed due to lack of calcium produced. They can be as little as a grain of sand that can be invisible to the naked eye, or as large as a golf

Dynamic disease of the urinary tract creates in one of three ways: Microorganisms flowing in the circulation system from another site of contamination are kept and increase in the kidneys to deliver pyelonephritis by the hematogenous (beginning from the blood) route; Microscopic organisms colonizing the terminal third of the urethra or the outside urogenital surfaces rise the urethra to the bladder, causing cystitis (disease of the bladder only) or pyelonephritis by the ascending route; or Microorganisms, as a rule from the urethra, are brought into the bladder on catheters or cystoscopes (Morello, et al., 2013, p. 211).

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in the body that attacks the kidneys, uterus, urethra and bladder. Women more than men are more prone in getting a UTI in their lifetime. A UTI typically develops when bacteria in the rectal region comes in contact with the urethra and it then makes its way to the urinary tract. There are three types of urinary tract infection (UTI) first one is Urethra (urethritis) which is an infection in the urethra, the second one is bladder (cystitis) which is an infection in the bladder and the third one is kidneys (acute pyelonephritis) which is an infection in the kidneys.

     Luckily, after the excruciating occurrence, the stone usually doesn’t damage anything. Sometimes there comes a situation where the kidney stone either becomes too big or for some reason gets wedged in the urinary tract and the pain worsens. Also, the urine begins to get backed up, and the bladder and urinary tract begins to get infected. Thus, an operation must be performed. Originally, they were removed, either by slicing the bladder or kidney open, or by shoving an instrument up the ureter. Fortunately, through the miracles of technology, one does not necessarily have to go through this “invasive” treatment. Instead, there is a treatment that uses shockwaves to slice up the stone. This is called kidney stone lithotripsy. A large machine uses sound waves to break up the stone into small fragments that can be more easily passed through.

Calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of kidney stones to form. They are solid masses that form within the kidney because of a great amount of oxalate in one’s urine and too little liquid. Oxalate is found in foods, and when the body is done processing the nutrients it requires from digestion, waste products travel to the kidneys. The kidneys make urine which removes these waste products, however if there are too many waste products present in too little liquid, there are crystals that form. Crystals will then stick together to form a kidney stone which can’t get passed through and out of the body as urine. Crystals that are specific to kidney stones are formed of oxalate which sticks to calcium also found in the kidneys. The formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones is an equilibrium system.