Nervous System Analysis

Answering the phone appeared at first glance to be a simple prospect. The average working man or woman does it several times a day without even thinking about it. What many take for granted is that the nervous system contains 86-100 billion neurons, required in order to operate the body’s control systems (Pastorino & Doyle-Portile, 2015). Few truly appreciate just how biologically impressive an everyday action can be. The neural processes required to answer a simple phone call may provide a decent benchmark for just how hard the brain works to make all human function possible. To provide lay readers with a point of reference on how the nervous system works, the following essay will demonstrate that answering the phone is actually three processes rolled into one: hearing the phone ring, picking it up, and speaking to the person on the other end.

As well as these there are also the axon of the cell which is covered in myelin sheaths which carried information away from the cell body and hands the action potentials, these are small short bursts of change in the electrical charge of the axon membrane through openings of ion channels, off to the following neurons dendrites through terminal buttons at the end of the axons. Whenever an action potential is passed through these terminal buttons it releases a chemicals that pass on the action potential on to the next neuron through the terminal button and dendrite connection. The chemicals that are

Once a presynaptic neuron is passive, an electrical current is spread along the length of the axon (Schiff, 2012). This is known as action potential (Pinel, 2011). Action potential happens once an abundant amount of depolarisation reaches the limit through the entry of sodium, by means of voltage gated sodium channels

1. Neurons is a basic building block of the nervous system. The sensory nerves carry the message from body tissues to the brain and spinal chord to be processed. The motor neurons are then used to send instructions to the body tissue from the brain and spinal cord. Dendrites, which are connected to the body cell (soma) receive information and pass it through the axon. Myelin sheath covers the axon and helps speed the process. When triggered by a signals from our senses or other neurons, the neuron fires an impulse called the action potential. The resting potential is the neuron’s visual charge of positive

As an action potential travels down the axon of the presynaptic neuron, the action potential reaches the axon terminal synaptic vesicles which migrate toward the synapse. They then release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters travel through the synaptic cleft and bind to ligand-gated ion channels on the postsynaptic neuron membrane. The channels open and allow chemicals to enter the cell (i.e. sodium). Then positively charged sodium enters the cell and causes the cell to depolarize. The depolarization spreads down the axon and an action potential is generated. The process then starts over at the axon terminals.

The main components of the synapses are as follows: The Axon terminal, found at the end of the Axon, passes neurotransmitters to other neurons via synaptic transmission. Synaptic Vesicles contain neurotransmitters within the Axon. Neurotransmitters themselves are chemical messengers that travel through the neurons and activate receptors on the receiving cell. The neurotransmitters are diffused through the synaptic cleft—a region between the two neurons and gap the neurotransmitter needs to cross to make it to the receiving cell. Said receiving cell is what receives the neurotransmitters and starts the process over again. The receptors on the cell are structures that receive the neurotransmitters and

The nervous system is a chain of interconnected nerve fibers which is constructed by the central nervous system and Peripheral nervous system. The job of the nervous system is to send messages from the brain and spinal cord to different parts of the body.

The end of the axon spread into some shorter fibers that have swellings on the ends called synaptic knobs. The synaptic knob has a number of little saclike structures in it called synaptic vesicles. Inside the synaptic vesicles are chemicals hung in fluid, which are molecules of substances called neurotransmitters which are inside a neuron and are going to transmit a message. Neurotransmitter are released into the synapse from synaptic vesicles. The neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptor sites on the releasing neuron and the second neuron or glands or even muscles causing a reaction.

In a normal and healthy nervous system, many electrical signals are received and sent through neurons. The arrival of those signals at the end of the neuron triggers the release of many chemicals, in specific, neurotransmitters (Brooker, 2011). These chemicals travel into a gap between the presynaptic (end of one neuron) and the beginning of he postsynaptic (next neuron). This gap is named a synapse (Brooker, 2011). Neurotransmitters are then released into the synapse and then bind to the ibid (post -synaptic neuron). When this

Once in the synapses, the impulses triggers the release of chemical messages called neurotransmitters; which then bind to receptors on the receiving cell as the transmission of the impulse repeated again. The message or impulse continues traveling from one neuron to the next throughout the body until it reaches its destination as it relays a signal. All of this activity happens in less than a split second and without conscious thought. At the end of this process, the brain has the task of interpreting the message and making the decision as to what to do with this new information. (Carlson, 2011.Pg.45-52)

Synapses are the basic structures underlying neurotransmission and brain function. Synapses are composed of a presynaptic neuron and a postsynoptic neuron which are separated by a synoptic cleft. Neurotransmitters are synthesized and packages into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic neural terminal. In response to a nerve impulse, the vesicles are extruded into the synaptic cleft; approximately 1,000 molecules of neurotransmitter per terminal. The neurotransmitters then bind

Voluntary and involuntary reactions to intense sensory stimulation provide a gateway to investigate underlying psychophysiological processes in the brain such as attention, motor planning, and fear conditioning. Yet, little attention has been paid to how time varying fluctuations in brain excitability affect these reactions. Using a combination of classic psychophysiological techniques and novel neuromodulatory techniques, this project seeks to provide greater understanding of how the dynamic changes occurring in the brain shape the manifestation of voluntary and involuntary responses. This fundamental knowledge will have important implications across many fields, including cognitive neuroscience, sports science, and applied

According to the book, “neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transfer signals across the synapse”(pg48). The synapse is a junction between two neurons where the axon bulb of a neuron focused receptor sites into other neurons. According to Eroglu & Barres, We have a large number of synapses; the current estimates are more than 100 trillion synapses in the human brain . There is a neural structure in the brain that is complex, therefore synapses occur at several places along a neuron (dendrites, cell body, axon). There is also the axon that carries potentials information form the cell body to the synapse. When a signal is sent at a synapse, there is a calculable distance called synaptic gap, between the presynaptic (sending) and the

As soon as the electrical signal reaches the end of the axon, mechanism of chemical alteration initiates. First, calcium ion spurt into the axon terminal, leading to the release of neurotransmitters “molecules released neurons which carries information to the adjacent cell”. Next, inside the axon terminal, neurotransmitter molecules are stored inside a membrane sac called vesicle. Finally, the neurotransmitter molecule is then discharged in synapse space to be delivered to post synaptic neuron.

The organs of our body are controlled by many systems in order to function correctly and efficiently in order to survive within the environment we live in. These include the heart, stomach and intestines and other vital organs and body systems. All of the systems in our body are regulated by a part of the nervous system called the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS is part of the peripheral nervous system and it controls many organs and muscles within the body. Rather bizarrely we are unable to determine or feel its presence in our bodies as it is working involuntary, as a reflexive manner. A common example of this involuntary action is best understood when