Nestnut Blight Research Paper

Fort Wayne Parks and Recreation organization budgeted for and planned a way to help save this tree species. For the past couple years, biannual Ash tree treatments have been in place to help save the Ash trees of Fort Wayne. This past summer 647 Ash trees in Fort Wayne were treated to prevent the Ash Borer from killing them. Because this treatment is a biannual treatment, only half of the population of Ash trees was treated the summer of 2013. The other half of the population was treated the previous summer and will be treated again in the summer of 2014. (City of Fort Wayne Parks and Recreation, 2013) Davey Resource group was the lowest bidder and took on the project of treating the Ash trees. “Davey Resource Group provides a full range of natural resource and utility consulting services to the commercial, residential, municipal and governmental markets.” (Davey)

The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis, is a beetle that was first discovered in 2002 in the US near the Detroit area and southeastern portions of Michigan. This beetle is believed to have originated in Asia. The theory is that they arrived in the states in packing material made of wood on cargo ships traveling on the St. Lawrence River, which then leads into the Great Lakes. Since 2002, this beetle has made its way into parts of Canada and now in at least eighteen states in the US (Emerald, n.d.). They are causing major destruction of Ash trees in all of these areas, and Vermont is starting to take precautions to be prepared if and when these beetles show up in The Green Mountain

Emerald Ash Borers has killed millions of ash tree and put billions more at risk. Emerald Ash Borers originated in Asia and eastern Russia was first discovered in Canada in 2002. It is now widespread in Quebec and Ontario areas. Emerald Ash Borers can be spread to various parts of Canada and USA through infested firewood trading. Therefore the government of Canada has decided to restrict infested areas. Emerald Ash Borer arrived to Canada through trading forestry products. If we had been more careful, Emerald Ash Borers would have never entered Canada. Therefore our interaction in cutting down trees to trade and trading with others has an important effect on the welfare of our forests. The interaction of receiving wood from outside our country

Laurel Wilt Disease is a scourge here in Florida. The disease affects laurel trees all over the Southeast, with the most notable victim being avocado trees. The beetles also effect sassafras trees, pond spice trees, and swamp bays. The main cause of this disease is a fungus known as Raffaelea Lauricola that is transmitted through a beetle called the red bay ambrosia beetle (Persea Borbonia). Neither of these species are native to the area. It was brought over to the states through wooden shipping containers that had contained the beetle insect. The insect and disease came from countries like India, Japan, Myanmar, and Taiwan. The disease works by having the beetle come into the country, hiding in the wooden crates. Once in America, the beetle enters into the environment and seeks trees to bore into for food and shelter. The beetles contain spores that containing the fungus that kills the host tree. The fungus then grows in the sapwood of the tree, restricting the flow of food, sap, and nutrients around the tree. This results in die back and eventually, a dead tree. The disease is known to highly effect the avocado industry and the natural forests in Florida. Currently, 61 out of 67 counties in Florida contain reports of Laurel Wilt Disease as of 2015. That is an enormous 91%.

“Hemlock wooly adelgid was first discovered in the eastern United States in Richmond, Virginia in the 1950’s, likely originating from a population in southern Japan”, according to the text “Eastern Hemlock Conservation Plan.” The insect is also invasive because it damages the ecosystem. Hemlocks are a major part of some forest ecosystems and provide some unique benefits, but the Hemlock Wooly Adelgid is killing Hemlocks throughout

Ash trees are a beautiful addition to any yard, but they are highly susceptible to a wide range of insect infestations. The worst of these is, undoubtedly, the emerald ash borer. This dangerously destructive pest may have already sneaked its way into your favorite ash trees. If if has, you need to understand the history, the spread, the dangers, and the treatment options for this pest.

Mountain-pine beetles have drastically changed the environment they are living in; due to this, areas such as industry, recreation, and the ecosystem have been impacted. For the last few decades the mountain- pine beetle has become a huge problem in the Rocky Mountains, stretching all the way from New Mexico all the way to central Canada. More than 60 million acres of forest have been infected, which has resulted in about 60% of the mature pines across North America to be killed (Rosner, 2013). Every day hundreds of trees are felled in an effort to clear out the beetles and to rid the forest of the unsightly dead trees. Entire forests have been reduced into nothing more than standing grave yards that mark a once great ecosystem. Forest Service officials are struggling to come up with a solution to this epidemic but find their options limited due to legal framework, public opinion, and just options in general.

Blight, by definition, is “conditions that include, but are not limited to the following: structural deterioration, lack of maintenance, infestation, fire hazards, accumulating refuse on private property, storage of two or more unregistered vehicles (junk yard) and unsanitary conditions.” (City of Bristol Connecticut). Blight has been spreading throughout the city of Bristol Connecticut for ten to twelve years before any government officials or groups in the community stepped in to attempt resolve the problem. Only recently has there been a movement to attack blight head on. Nevertheless, blight continues to be an issue in Bristol, and more can be done to combat this issue.

Sudden oak death is caused by a fungus called phytophthora ramorum. This fungus is highly voracious and has spread to trees and plants all over California. Some estimates claim that over one million oak trees have been killed by this serious infestation. And while it does infect other plants, it rarely causes serious damage or death in them.

OHIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ADDS BUTLER COUNTY TO THOUSAND CANKERS DISEASE QUARANTINE State taking measures to protect Ohio’s walnut trees REYNOLDSBURG, OH (Dec. 19, 2013) – In an effort to protect the trees of Ohio, the Ohio Department of Agriculture (ODA) has added Butler County to the state’s Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD) quarantine regulating the transportation of walnut tree products and firewood. The quarantine in Butler County goes into effect Dec. 26. TCD primarily affects black walnut trees, as well as other species of walnut, and is caused by a fungus transported by the walnut twig beetle. The walnut twig beetle spreads the fungus when it bores into the branches and trunk tissue of walnut trees, which are killed by repeated infections

The two primary ways this resistance can be built up is through artificial hybridization with other resistance species or by finding naturally resistant hemlock trees that survive infestation. The first method of building resistance would be the most promising for some results in the near future. The hemlock woolly adelgid is a native species from Asia where there are other hemlock species over there such as the highly resistant Chinese hemlock (Tsuga chinensis), and northern Japanese hemlock (Tsuga diversifolia) as well as the somewhat resistant southern Japenese hemlock (Tsuga sieboldii) (Montgomery). By focusing research on these species and potential hybridizations, the agencies could develop ways to foster resistance in the US hemlock species. The research and management should focus on how best to develop and plant hybrid species in the natural ranges of the native hemlocks, because there has already been research into this exact that shows increased host resistance through the mechanisms of non-preference and adverse effects on biology (Montgomery). Unfortunately hybridization has only been able to work with Carolina hemlocks and not Eastern hemlocks, however once specific mechanisms for host resistance has been identified it could be possible to genetically modify

Another way humans helped the spread of EAB is by conveying piles of firewood all over the place, whether that firewood be for camping purposes or for home heating. If the firewood is of an ash variety, EAB could very easily jump aboard and travel to a new destination, resulting, again, in its populations skyrocketing and ash trees dying. A direct result of this was states putting a banned and even quarantined the transportation of firewood across county lines, in an attempt to slow the spread of EAB from county to county, and essentially from state to state. It was only slightly affective, due to the fact

Sudden Oak Death, a disease caused by the protist Phytophthora ramorum, is sweeping through California, dismantling Oak Woodland communities. First observed in Germany and the Netherlands infecting species of Rhododendron and Viburnum, symptoms of the pathogen include; the browning of leaves, large bleeding cankers, and mortality in several species (Harmon). In the Central Coast of California, host species include, but are not limited to, the Quercus sp., Notholithocarpus sp., and Umbellularia sp. Quercus and Notholithocarpus being terminal host and Umbellularia being a reservoir host (DiLeo).

The Chestnut blight is a fungus which is also called the chestnut bark disease. The scientific name for this is Cryphonectria Parasitica (Murril) Barr. The organism that assaults the American chestnut has the appearance of an extensive ulcer, and is regularly found on the tree trunk or other tree surface range. It enters tree wounds and splits and develops in and under the bark, executing the territory around the tree twig, extension or trunk. Yellow or orange spores (called pycnidia) radiate from the infection, and they are as little as a pinhead. The ulcer lodging the parasite could be either swollen or sunken; with the recent being the deadly sort that executes the tree. From the start, the tree kicks the bucket over the ulcer, despite the fact that it may keep on sprouting beneath it. As sprouts develop, they, too, get contaminated and pass on. In the long run, infections spread all around the tree surface, murdering the tree. In spite of the fact that youthful trees may succumb to the ailment inside a year, experienced trees may take years to succumb to the parasite.

The life cycle of M.graminicola is favored by optimum temperatures (15-20), and to cause infection it requires long periods of high humidity. Septoria tritici blotch survives from one season to the next on stubble. Following heavy rain or heavy dew in late autumn and early winter, wind borne spores are released from the bodies embedded in the stubble or previously infected plants. These can be spread over large distances. The Septoria tritici blotch has two very clearly visible