Nestorius And Apollinarianism

Even during numerous exiles, Athanasius continued to be a vigorous defender of Nicene Christianity against Arianism. Athanasius then famously said "Athanasius against the world". The Cappadocian Fathers also took up the torch; their Trinitarian discourse was influential in the council at Constantinople.Up until about 360, theological debates mainly dealt with the Divinity of Jesus, the 2nd person of the Trinity. However, because the Council of Nicaea had not clarified the divinity of the Holy Spirit, the 3rd person of the Trinity, it became a topic of debate.

The theological differences were some of the biggest reason why the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches split. The Eastern churches had theological roots in Greek philosophy and the Western churches had theologies that constructed on their Roman law (“Schism of 1054”, 2014, para. 3). A strong issue that the two churches had was the theological proposition of the placement and addition of “the Son” to the Roman creed. The Roman churches included the “Father and the Son” in the Nicene creed without consulting the Eastern church while the Eastern church only used the Father. The Orthodox Church believe it should have been written with “the Father” proceeded by the Holy Spirit.

In the 4th century there are different schools of thought that were developed in Antioch, were they try to literarily interpret the Scriptures with a great deal of emphasis on the historical context of Trinity. Arius who is also known as Nicene, came up with the Nicene Creed by arguing the fact that Jesus was not God, and the Father by itself is true God. Base on the fact that God created Jesus, Arius was able to support his argument with the books of (Proverbs 8:22 and John 14:28) “the Father is greater than I” as a proof.

The Christological controversies of the fourth and fifth centuries were debates regarding the nature of Christ, and in particular the issue of his humanity versus his divinity. Docetism is a position which undermines the integrity of the humanity of Jesus because it claims that Jesus is fully divine but not truly human, because he is God merely adopting the appearance of being human. Arianism is the belief that Jesus is superior to the rest of creation but not equal to God because Jesus was created by God and thus is not eternal unlike God. The Council of Nicaea in 325 was called to fight against Arianism. The Council

Faith which said that Christ had two natures, human and divine, but a single will. Where Pope

The Patristic Era saw various controversies arising over the nature of Jesus Christ, which consequently lead to the establishment of the creed as an attempt to reject the heretical views held by proponents. An example of a heretical advocate is Arius, who suggested Christ was inferior to God, but still above other creatures (McGrath, 2001, p.358). However, early orthodox theologians disputed this idea due to the soteriological complications that accompanied it (Young, 2010, p.55). The central advocator of this dispute was Athanasius, who questioned how Arius’ belief allowed for salvation through Jesus Christ, which is a key orthodox belief identified

The heresy of Macedonianism, also known as the Pneumatomachian heresy, is a 4th century heresy of the Christian faith that rejected the divinity of the Holy Spirit, believing it to be created by the Son, therefore being subordinate to the Son and the Father. This specific heresy challenged the Church to redefine its original definition of the Holy Spirit and add this part into the Nicene Creed: “And in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the Giver of Life, Who proceedeth from the Father, Who with the Father and the Son is equally worshipped and glorified,” In the end, this heresy was ultimately good for the Church as it helped the Church clarify its position and ruling on this topic.

In 325, the Council of Nicea set out to formally characterize the relationship of the Son to the Father, in light of the dubious lessons of Arius. Driven by Bishop Athanasius, the gathering confirmed the precept of the Trinity as conventionality and censured Arius ' showing that Christ was the first making of God. The ideology received by the committee depicted Christ as "God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance (homoousios) with the Father."

The Council of Nicaea was the first ecumenical council of the church, which greatly impacted the church. In 325, the emperor, Constantine, called together all of the bishops the council. It resulted in the doctrine of the Nicene Creed, which states all of the catholic beliefs. It was important to establish this because there was controversy over whether God was the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. It said that Jesus was “begotten, not made”, putting him as an equal with the Father and the Holy Spirit.

They voted on whether the council preferred Arius doctrine was correct or Athanasius’s doctrine. The votes were gathered and it was clear that Athanasius’s depiction of Christ’s divinity and humanity was the correct doctrine. The council then had to ensure that there wouldn’t be another heresy like Arius again in the Christian Church, so the Council of Nicaea created the Nicaean Creed which emphasizes Christ’s divinity with the Father but with taking part of humanity. The Nicaean Creed was also made to strengthen the faith of the Christian Church and to always remind the that Jesus has a divinity. The Nicaean Creed can be found in many of the Orthodox Christian Churches which state, “We believe in one Lord Jesus Christ… light of light, true God of God, begotten not created, with one essence with the Father,” (Schaff, 126).

In the Greek society, there was enough wine and spirits for Socrates and his buddies to philosophize on the world around them, beginning the conversation of what is just and not. Ideas transform throughout the conversations of Socrates, Adeimantus, and Glaucon in the Republic forming what justice is in the opinion of Socrates. This opinion, the city in speech, is challenged by Adeimantus and Glaucon but Socrates eloquently responds to their challenges. Socrates’ answers with his city of speech are effective against the challenges of Adeimantus and Glaucon because every human has a soul with decency that is almost impossible to deny.

Though writing at different times and to different audiences, both Ignatius of Antioch and Cyprian of Carthage found their voices in addressing the topic of Church unity, among other themes. In the midst of impending or recent persecution, both Ignatius and Cyprian warned against schism and encouraged the Church to persevere in the face of confusion. Ignatius and Cyprian both treat church unity as a gift from the Holy Spirit to be preserved, and also claim that this unity is dependent on perseverance in faith, unified participation in the sacraments, and respecting the integrity of apostolic succession. Without unification of and among these three elements, both Ignatius and Cyprian resolve that true unity, and thus salvation, is unattainable.

When the Nicene Creed was created and finalized in 381 A.D., there were many heresies under the umbrella of Christianity. The Nicene Creed seeked to address these heresies and remove them from mainstream worship. One of the many heresies in this time was Arianism.

Anglicanism: They believe Jesus Christ had both divine and human natures, and that he died and rose again.

One of the most important events in church history includes the Council of Nicea. The First Council of Nicea happened in 325 and involved the first gathering of Christian bishops and the Roman Empire not as enemies but as allies. The bishops wanted to solve the dispute over Arianism. Arianism is the belief that Christ was more than human but something less than God. Arianism taught the people that Jesus