Network Address Translation ( Nat )

But how does it work? The internet, based on the concept of “packet switching”, involves the travelling of small packets of data over one or more networks (Frenzel, 2013). This can be compared to “electronic postcards”, meaning that “a computer generates a piece of data and flings it into the net, just like the postal system, except 100 million times faster” (Cerf, 2013). This concept allows one computer to speak to many different computers around the network by sending out these “electronic postcards”. However, before these networks can work seamlessly together, they must use a common protocol, or set of rules for transmitting and receiving these packets of data. There are several protocols currently in use, including the OSI Model, the TCP/IP Model, UDP, HTTP, and FDP (Mitchell, 2014), but the most commonly used is Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (Gilmer, 2011). Even as early as 1977, TCP/IP was being used by other networks to link to ARPANET (Kozierok,

So by using NAT within larger organizations and with hundreds of thousands of computers, it allows them to only use one IP address to connect up to the Internet, that’s very efficient! There are different ways NAT can be put to use in a network; there is Static, Dynamic and Overload NAT or PAT. Beginning with Static, it plots a sole private address to a public address. This method permits an internal computer to maintain an unlisted private IP and still be able to be obtainable via the Internet. Dynamic aids in protecting a network while it hides the inside setting of a private network and makes it troublesome for anyone externally to see the utilization schemes (Semperboni, 2014).

2. Enterprise networks typically use LAN _____ at each site to connect devices using some type of media.

through and what does not and can be customized to be more or less secure. Firewalls are

DNS- DNS stands for domain name server and is a network of servers that keep track of Internet Domain Names. Its main job is to authenticate and find domains. It translates IP Addresses into numbers, for example, 172.194.40.143 translates into

VPN refers to the networking technology Virtual Private Network. A VPN allows users connected to this network the ability to access any website or computer data from any location in the world with dedicated and secure networking environment rather than being present in a public server. Majority of VPN users belong to business class industry and educational purposes. VPN networks are used in this manner because majority of VPN networks offer the features like encryption and anonymity which increases the privacy and security benefits while using the VPN network. VPN networks also allow the user ability to perform activities on the internet as if they were accessing

Remember the internet works with ACL or access control list, allowing for the possible for a person to reach Google without being a part of the same subnet. There is a common method UDP host punching. UDP hole punching is a commonly used technique employed in network address translator (NAT) applications for maintaining User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packet streams that traverse the NAT. NAT traversal techniques are typically required for client-to-client networking applications on the Internet involving hosts connected in private networks, especially in peer-to-peer, Direct Client-to-Client (DCC) and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) deployments. UDP hole punching establishes connectivity between two hosts communicating across one or more network address translators. Typically, an application, when it sets up direct communications between two or more communicating hosts choosing to use a third-party host on the public transit network by using a UDP port. Usually normal communications traffic or when there is no significant traffic keep-alive packet traffic usually consisting of empty UDP packets ore packets with minimal non-intrusive content enable once port state keep the port states open. A common example of programs which use UDP hole punching consist of Team

Which layer of the OSI reference model handles logical addressing (IP addresses) and routing traffic?

The Internet is, quite literally, a network of networks. It is comprised of ten thousands of interconnected networks spanning the globe. The computers that form the Internet range from huge mainframes in research establishments to modest PCs in people's homes and offices. Despite the recent hype, the Internet is not a new phenomenon. Its roots lie in a collection of computers that were linked together in the 1970s to form the US Department of Defense's communications systems. Fearing the consequences of nuclear attack, there was no central computer holding vast amounts of data, rather the information was dispersed across thousands of machines. A set of rules, of protocols, known as TCP/IP was

The two authors follow the story from the conception of the idea of "packet switching" in the early 1960s to the creation and development of the Internet. We see how one idea led to another and how the intelligent people around the circumstances influenced the developments.

The TCP/IP protocols are the heart and soul of the Internet, and they describe the fundamental rules that govern all communications in the network. The original address system of the Internet is Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) developed IPv6 to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. However, IPv6 is not foreseen to supplant IPv4 instantaneously.

To network virtual servers to each other. You also need to control who can access the server. You want to protect/firewall the server especially if it is exposed to the Internet.

Internet: Global network of networks using universal standards to connect millions of different networks (Kenneth C Laudon and Jane P Laudon., 2010).

Furthermore, the history of the Internet is part of the reason why the Internet is so distinctive from the other kinds of networks; specifically, the history of the development of the internet as a mean of communication gives a proper insight on the distinctiveness of it. First of all, communication and computers came up together around 1963, when the key improvement was to make these new technologies connect with each other. The first critical step in the history of the internet as a network was made by Leinrock (1961) when he put forward the first packet switching theory. He was convinced that packets, “the unit of data that is routed between an origin and a destination on the Internet or any other packet-switched network” (TechTarget,2007), were more practical than circuits for the functionality of communication between networks. Moreover, Roberts(1965) created the “first (however small) wide-area computer network ever built” TechTarget (2007), which demonstrated that computers could work together. Thank to these discoveries in 1968 Roberts, came up with the first form of the internet: the ARPANET. The internet started to advance faster and faster with fundamental improvements such as the TCP (transmission control protocol), a system that allowed data to be transferred, and the creation of the PhoneNet, the first dedicated email server online. These improvements brought to the creation of the Web 2.0

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.