Network Address Translation and Router

NAT also known as Network Address Translation is a method that is utilized by network administrators in setting up IP addresses for network transmission. Network Address Translation allows a piece of network equipment such as a router to behave in such a way as a negotiator amidst public and private networks. Network Address Translation allows the ability for organizations and users at home to utilize an individual IP address that constitutes as a whole collection of computers operating an entire public domain. In the translations section of the Network Address Translation scheme, where the private and public addressing comes into play, it permits a computer or a set of computers that are already configured with inside addresses to be

37) DHCP ________ are configurable parameters that determine which subnets the DHCP server will serve.

The Dynamic Host Control Protocol automatically assigns IP addresses to hosts on a network as they request them. DHCP packets also include information like DNS server addresses, domain names, and default gateways.

The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is defined for use with IP network layer protocol in the transport layer protocol. It provides a best-effort datagram service to an End System (IP host). It uses a simple connectionless transmission model with a minimum of protocol mechanism. It uses no handshaking dialogues, and thus the user's program is exposed to any unreliability of the underlying network protocol. There is no guarantee of delivery, ordering, or duplicate protection. UDP provides checksums for data integrity, and port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination of the datagram.

Unlike MQTT, the publish-subscribe model of CoAP uses Universal Resource Identi er (URI) instead of topics. This means that subscribers will subscribe to a particular resource indicated by the URI U. When a node publishes data D to the URI U, then all subscribers are noti ed about the new value as indicated in D. Since CoAP runs on top of the inherently not reliable UDP, it provides its own reliability mechanism through the use of con rmable and non-con rmable messages [55]. The observers register by using the GET request with a special observe option activated. The subject puts the observer, if it is allowed, in the list of the interested entities and responds to the observer with an immediate state of the resource. After the initial response, each subsequent noti cation is an additional CoAP response sent by the server in reply to the GET request and includes a complete representation of the new resource state [56]. CoAP also enables high scalability and e ciency through a complex architecture, which supports the use of caches and intermediaries (proxy) nodes that multiplex the interest of multiple subscribers in the same event into a single association [57] (see Figure

Ans: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network protocol that enables a server to automatically assign an IP address to a computer from a defined range of numbers configured for a given network.

As for the functions, bridging devices inspects incoming network data whether to forward to the end user or to discard it.

Use ARP and RARP for resolving the address of the computer the user is trying to reach.     Topic 4: TCP/IP Level 2: Application

Remember the internet works with ACL or access control list, allowing for the possible for a person to reach Google without being a part of the same subnet. There is a common method UDP host punching. UDP hole punching is a commonly used technique employed in network address translator (NAT) applications for maintaining User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packet streams that traverse the NAT. NAT traversal techniques are typically required for client-to-client networking applications on the Internet involving hosts connected in private networks, especially in peer-to-peer, Direct Client-to-Client (DCC) and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) deployments. UDP hole punching establishes connectivity between two hosts communicating across one or more network address translators. Typically, an application, when it sets up direct communications between two or more communicating hosts choosing to use a third-party host on the public transit network by using a UDP port. Usually normal communications traffic or when there is no significant traffic keep-alive packet traffic usually consisting of empty UDP packets ore packets with minimal non-intrusive content enable once port state keep the port states open. A common example of programs which use UDP hole punching consist of Team

Now that the Network design stage is complete, the team must now determine the hardware and software needed to bring the network design to life. As discussed the backbone of Kudler’s Fine Foods network will be a routed network with LANs and a WAN. IN this case the LAN or Local Area Network will be everything Kudler Fine foods have on the internal side of its routers and firewalls. The WAN or Wide Area Network will be everything in between the LANs at each one of the Kudler Fine Foods locations.

4. Identify the network protocols that are used in the protocols that are in the local are network at your shall or workplace. Why were these protocols chosen for your network? Was IPX ever implemented in your local area network? Why? if your network is using IP, what address class(es) is being used? Why? see if you can find out if and how class D and class E addresses are used in your network.

4. When CDP is enabled on an interface, a router (or switch) sends CDP advertisements on a regular

P1: The first method in network addressing is, Fully Qualified Domain Name which is known as FQDN for short. FQDN is used as the domain name for a specific host or computer name on the internet. FQDN consists of two main parts, the domain name and the hostname. For example, Belfast Met is the hostname, but the domain name is belfastmet.ac.uk.

When connecting your internal network to the internet the need route the packets between the two networks happens inside a router. This translation between the two different networks is known as network address translation (NAT). There are advantages when using NAT as well as disadvantages to the end user, network administrators and overall functionality of the network. We also have to understand the differences between IPv4, IPv6, and the need for NAT in each as they are different protocols and will operate differently ("Network Address Translation," 2015).

There are different types of routing mechanisms that will cloak certain subnets which represent all the machines in one geographic location. This means that if people do not want to see subnets within your network then there is no reason that such things should have the potential to travel through your network (Schulting). In order for people to gain access for seeing particular events, then they will need to run a special program that will allow them to gain access. This will notify your device to use its network interface card otherwise known as “NIC” to go and join a multicast group. The NIC well then use an Internet Group Management Protocol to notify the local multicast routers that it would like to join a certain group (Schulting).