Networked Economies And Crime.

In most cultures, any visible formal power structure will lie over a more fundamental, less formal, structure of influence. This underlying power system will often be based on patron-client relations, in which patrons become influential by acquiring clients who owe them favors. Often, this takes a pyramid form as more powerful patrons acquire clients who have clients of their own. Interacting directly with this patron-client power system can be more effective than trying to deal with people in overt formal positions of power.

It is believed that for thousands of years, the process of cross cultural buying and selling of goods among people has been continuing in the lands at great distances. Such as through the famed Silk Road across Central Asia that connected China and Europe during the Middle Ages. In a similar manner, for centuries, people and organisations have invested in enterprises in other countries. In fact, majority of the features of the current wave of globalisation are similar to those prevailing before the ensuing of First World War in 1914 (Waters, 1995).

The Patron-Client relationship was an idiosyncratic relationship between Patrons, wealthy first citizens, and Clients, freedman. The relationship was determined by social status, yet it was a reciprocal bond. Undeniably, the favors between Patrons and clients were decisive to acquire political, economical, military, and religious power.

Challenge of Globalization W. L. GORE & ASSOCIATE had been expending their business in more than 30 over country; there are Asia Pacific, Europe and the Middle East, Central America, North America and South America, leading manufacturer of thousands of advanced technology products for the electronics, industrial, fabrics and medical markets. With the employees of 9.500 people around the world, managing the people also bring along the trouble as well. With the diversity of culture, people, background, language and norms, challenges and problems occur within the company and beyond the boundaries of the company. This is the major problems that will occur when a company goes global and expanding to the world. This challenge of globalization

Crime has always been a shadow upon societies image, these learned behaviors can be seen in all shapes and sizes, in the cities, in the streets and even in homes. The media has controlled the image of what is perceived as crime. But what truly stalks the streets at night, is it the sadistic men who care so little about human dignity they travel from coast to coast sexually assaulting women?

The world is not a large and strange place anymore. The world is a place that is interconnected and intertwined. The world has become from a place that each country and their peoples are separate and isolated to a place that each country and their peoples are part of a global network. Thanks to globalization this is occurring. Globalization is the ‘international integration” or ‘de-bordering’ – “a number of highly disparate observations whose regular common denominator is the determination of a profound transformation of the traditional nation-state” (Von Bogdandy 2). Globalization is connecting different people from different cultures and backgrounds together. More and more corporations are entering new foreign markets to sell their

This paper will describe my understanding of the text and of the lectures provided in the class. Unlike most classes, where I understood only my view of the text, this class was geared so each student would understand each other’s view. 3 An organization is a collective that has some boundary and internal structure that engages in activities related to some complex set of goals. Members of organizations attempt to meet their psychological, ego and emotional needs within the organization. Criminal justice organizations are particularly unique compared to other public or private sector organizations because of the governmental granted authority. Management within these organizations can be defined as the process by

However, globalization developed international contacts and made it possible to cooperate on the global scale. As a result, nowadays, basically due to the high level of development of IT and Internet, specialists physically living in different countries of the world may work on one and the same product. So, it may be said that globalization “eliminated geographical boundaries between countries” (Gomory 2002:187).

These two definitions relate to and are applicable to Escobar who organized and led the Medellin cartel of Columbia. Escobar aligned himself with an extensive network of individuals each duty-bound to handle a majority of his affairs. This network was divided into subgroups, each delegated to their special assigned category that included, but not limited to, finances, social, military, personal, family, public, economic, political, law enforcement, and the media. These groups and sub groups in return received an unlimited amount of resources to handle affairs and protection from authorities or anyone attempting to interfere or disrupt their business. By creating several branches to facilitate his organization, this permitted his growth in influence and dominance. Each group separately handled his outlets which afforded him the opportunity to succeed in many ways, but ultimately resulted in failure as he became a distracted, confused, and disoriented leader. His organization was large, but through his own mistakes or missteps the organization was dismantled further contributing to his expiration. The organization was largely controlled by money and through violence. On a large scale, the organization stretched out from his country to other countries that was well controlled allowing for enormous profits and great power. Escobar sought compliance in every form and by any means necessary.

The process of globalization has numerous significant effects on countries, organizations, and individuals. These effects can be observed in the quality of products, in their prices, but also in their availability. Because of globalization, numerous companies prefer to expand their business on international level. Some of them outsource some of their processes and activities to cheaper destinations that allow them to reduce their investments.

Crime exists everywhere in the world – in rural and urban areas in many countries, in the East and West, and among all types of people. This has led many government officials, especially those in urban areas, to focus largely on the reduction of crime among their respective constituencies and has led others to speculate on the factors that influence the amount of crime and how those factors can be controlled. Crime has been around since man and there is no doubt that it will continue to be around, until there is an existence of a perfect world. But for now, we

While the patron client relationship was at the core of the relationship between the constituents and the committeemen, a complex and hierarchical organization

In this essay I will examine how government polices since the last general election have impacted crime levels. The economic model of crime pioneered by Gary S. Becker in 1968 describes how criminals weigh up the costs and benefits of criminal activity against the legal alternatives. The model has four main aspects in it, which are: the utility derived from legal work (U (W)), the likelihood of getting caught when engaging in criminal activity (p), utility from successful crime (U(W ͨ )) and the disutility from punishment when getting caught (U(S))

In this chapter, Lipsky (2010) highlights client-processing procedures and various aspects of a street-level bureaucracy that gain client compliance and routine control. The environment that street-level bureaucracies engage with their clients signifies, supports, and limit the relationship (Lipsky, 2010). While each agency may be structure differently, the setting is not unintentional and is a means to gain control of the client. Another attribute to routine client control is that clients are secluded from one another to eliminate information and knowledge. Services and procedures that take place within these organizations are often times viewed as benevolent, and assumed to be in the best interest of the client (Lipsky, 2010). However, this

Well known companies like Nike, Microsoft, Sony, Shell Group are just some of the big companies that went global and expanded their trading around the world, they are large businesses that operate internationally in many countries. Development of worldwide integration urges companies to reach out international markets and interact with foreign customers. Businesses focus on fulfilling the demand of the market by its products or services, besides their target is increasing profit, in order achieve these goals they favor to expand their work in a foreign market. Other reasons to internationalize their business may be to become